Access Ramps
Strategically placed structures that help to minimize livestock impact while direct watering from a surface water body.
Amino acids
Amino acids are the building block of proteins, and can help maintain muscle and tissue strength.
Anaerobic biodigestion
Anaerobic biodigestion is a process through which bacteria break down organic matter—such as manure—without oxygen.
Air Exchanger
An air exchanger is a device that exchanges indoor with fresh outdoor air.
Background operations
Operations that are more for personal use. Steers and heifers raised by the operator and typically butchered for personal, or local markets. The cows are sometimes sold to feedlot at a later age.
Backgrounding
The growing and feeding of steers and heifers from weaning until just before they are placed on a high concentrate finishing ration in a feedlot. Background feeding or grazing relies more heavily on forage (e.g., pasture, hay) in combination with grains to increase a calf's weight by several hundred pounds and to build up immunity to diseases before it enters a finishing feedlot.
Backgrounding heifers
Backgrounding heifers refers to heifers that are over-wintered on a forage-based diet until their weight increases to about 408 kg (900 lbs). Some grain may be fed, however the amount is limited so the cattle don't gain weight too quickly.
Backgrounding steers
Backgrounding steers refers to steers that are over-wintered on a forage-based diet until their weight increases to about 408 kg (900 lbs). Some grain may be fed, however the amount is limited so the cattle don't gain weight too quickly.
Bactericides
Bactericides are highly used to control bacterial disease by specifically inhibiting or killing the bacterial causing the disease.
Banded application of fertilizer
The banded application of fertilizer is when fertilizer is placed in a "band" often 2 inches over and 2 inches down from the seed or plant. It is also called a "starter" application, to help "start" the plant off.
Bedding
Dry straw, sand, sawdust, bark mulch, shavings, wood chips, or other material used to absorb livestock (e.g. poultry) manure/urine deposits in a barn.
Bentonite
Bentonite clay is used as a dietary supplement as it may help cleanse the colon, balance bacteria levels in the digestive tract, boost immune system health, enhance absorption of nutrients and cleanse the liver.
Biopesticides
Biopesticides are pesticides derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Biopesticides include naturally occurring substances such as microorganisms that control pests, or substances produced by plants containing added genetic material (plant-incorporated protectants) or PIPs.
Biosecurity measures
Biosecurity measures are management options taken to stop the introduction or prevent the spread of harmful organisms. They include preventive health exams for livestock, quarantine periods for livestock new to the farm or presenting symptoms.
Boar
A boar refers to an intact male pig.
Boarding
Boarding refers to farms being provided with food and lodging for their cattle at a fixed price.
Breeding soundness examination
Breeding soundness examination is a complete evaluation of the reproductive potential of an animal, including mating ability, libido, inspection of the genital organs, and assessment of sperm production and quality.
Buffers
Buffers are feed additives used largely to reduce the effect of acidic conditions produced by the grain rations fed to dairy cows.
Buffer zone
An area of planted or natural vegetation that is beside a permanent wetland or waterway, extending from the shoreline to the edge of a field.
Calibration
Process of ensuring that the equipment used to apply pesticide, commercial fertilizer, manure, seed or other crop input is applying the intended rate per unit area.
Cereal grain
Cereal grain is ground grain crops (e.g., wheat, barley, oats, triticale, etc.) that is used as animal feed.
Chaff
Chaff is the dry, scaly protective casing of the seeds of cereal grains, or similar fine, dry, scaly plant material such as scaly parts of flowers, or finely chopped straw.
Chemfallow
A type of summerfallow; the practice of leaving cultivated land free of vegetation for one growing season and using only herbicides to control weeds.
Coccidiostats
Coccidiostats are a substance administered to poultry and cattle to slow the growth and reproduction of coccidian parasites.
Cold frames
A simple frame (either plastic or glass) used to protect seedlings/plants from frost; a passive solar heating system (that is, it has no source of heat except sunlight) used to generate plant growth and harden off plants for transplanting in the field.
Common bedding pack area
A common bedding pack area is a large bedded pen for resting and walking rather than individual stalls or concrete alleyways.
Common blend
A blend of two or more fertilizer products that is prepared by a fertilizer dealer for a number of clients.
Companion crop
The planting of 2 or more crops in the same place at the same time, so that some benefit is derived, for example pest control, higher yield, etc.
Composted manure
Animal dung or urine, often mixed with straw or other organic matter, which has decomposed into a stable humus.
Composting
A process that decomposes organic matter (manure and/or plant matter) into a stable humus used as a natural fertilizer or soil amendment.
Conservation/ Reduced tillage
Soil disturbance through tillage, planting and other field operations that together retain a considerable portion (30-60%) of the previous crop residues on the surface. This is also often called minimum till, and may include high disturbance direct seeding, mulch tillage, and vertical tillage. Also includes zone tillage or strip tillage, where tillage is limited to narrow bands normally associated with the seed row. For fallow land, weed control is done by a combination of tillage and herbicides.
Conventional tillage
Soil disturbance through tillage, planting and other field operations that together incorporate most of the previous crop residues into the soil (less than 30% of the previous crop's residues remain on the soil after planting). For fallow land, weed control is done primarily by tillage.
Corn for silage
Corn in which the entire plant, including the cob, is chopped up and stored in upright silos, bunker silos or plastic bags, and used for animal feed.
Corn grain
Corn grain is ground corn that is used as animal feed.
Cover crop
A cover crop is a crop, such as red clover, fall rye, etc., used to protect the soil from water and wind erosion between cash crops. Cover crops may increase soil nutrient levels and soil tilth.
Cow/calf operations
Operations that breed cows and then sell the calves to a feedlot once the calves are weaned.
Crop Residue
The above ground portion of terminated crop growth that remains after harvest. It includes straw, chaff and stubble. It does not include post-harvest vegetative growth from perennial crops or from volunteer germination of shattered seeds.
Cross breed
A calf originating from parents that are each a different pure breed.
Culls
Culls are the sorting or segregation of fresh harvested produce into marketable lots, with the non-marketable lots being discarded or diverted into food processing or non-food processing activities.
Cultivar
A cultivar (cultivated variety) is an assemblage of plants selected for desirable characteristics that are maintained during propagation.
Custom blend
A unique blend prepared for a specific client.
Custom feeding
Custom feeding refers to paying someone else to feed cattle for the owner as they may not have the facilities, time, or expertise to feed cattle.
Custom operator
A custom operator performs works on the farm manager's land for a set fee or rate. Custom operators use their own equipment. Other inputs such as seed, fertilizer, pesticides, etc. required for the work may or may not be provided by the custom operator as part of their fee.
Deep tillage or subsoiling
Deep tillage or subsoiling is a practice that breaks up soil, usually 12-18" deep, to allow increased water movement, better aeration of the roots and access to additional minerals and nutrients for plant growth.
Dribble
A dribble band is a tool with drop hoses at seven to 10 inch spacing that touches the soil used to apply liquid fertilizer.
Ear implants
Ear implants contain natural or synthetic anabolic compounds that produce physiological responses in the animal, similar to natural hormones. Implants are typically made of a powder that is compressed into a small pellet. The pellet is implanted under the skin on the backside of the animal's ear with an implant gun.
Earthen lagoons or pits
Earthen lagoons or pits are outside, below ground pits or concrete storages used for the biological treatment of manure and wastewater.
Electrostatic precipitator
A device that removes fine particles like dust, by applying a high voltage electrostatic charge.
Environmental Farm Plan
A formal, written overall assessment of environmental issues or concerns related to this operation. It can include individual and/or group planning processes.
Fall or winter cover crops planted after harvest
Fall or winter cover crops planted after harvest are sown following the harvest of the primary commercial crop in summer or fall of the cropping year, and provide effective cover over winter until next growing season.
Feeding under contract
Feeding under contract refers to, when under contract farming, agricultural production (including livestock and poultry) is carried out based on a pre-harvest agreement between buyers (such as food processing units and exporters), and producers (farmers or farmer organisations).
Field crops
Field crops are seeded every year. These are grown for grain, seed, forage feed (hay, silage, or greenfeed), or grazing.
Finishing
Refers to feeding a high concentrate or energy ration in a feedlot until the animal is ready to be marketed for slaughter. This category can also be used for cattle finished on grass, for a speciality market.
Finishing heifers
Finishing heifers refers to heifers with high energy rations designed to put gain on as rapidly and efficiently as possible.
Finishing pigs
Finishing pigs include pigs in the stage after grower, from 75kg to market weight.
Finishing steers
Finishing steers refers to steers with high energy rations designed to put gain on as rapidly and efficiently as possible.
Foliar spray application
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to the leaves.
Forage crops
Forage crops do not have to be reseeded every year. These crops are grown primarily for feed (hay or silage), but could be used for seed or occasional grazing.
Forage feed
Forage feed is whole plant material fed to ruminant animals. Forage may be stored feed offered to ruminant animals in the form of hay or silage, or the animal may obtain forage in a pasture by grazing or searching about for it.
Forages
Plant material; mainly plant leaves and stems, including flowers and heads if present. Forage can be stored in various forms such as hay, silage, greenfeed and other processed forms (e.g., cubes or pellets).
Free range
Hens that roams the barn floor and when weather permits go outside to pasture.
Free run
Hens that roam the entire barn floor. Some of these barns may be equipped with multi-tiered aviaries.
Free stall
A free stall is a type of barn for dairy cows, in which they are permitted free movement between resting and feeding areas.
Fungicide
A chemical used to control, suppress or kill fungi that severely interrupt normal plant growth.
Futures
Futures are exchange-traded contracts that lock in future delivery of a commodity or security at a price set today.
Gilt
A gilt refers to a female pig that has not given birth.
Grain-based feed
Grain-based feed is feed consisting mainly of grains (e.g., corn, barley, etc.)
Green manure crops
Young green plants, such as buckwheat and red clover, incorporated into the soil to improve fertility. Usually grown only to improve the soil. Plowing down green crops: when a crop such as winter wheat, fall rye, buckwheat or red clover is planted but "plowed under" before it can be harvested.
Grower pigs
Grower pigs include pigs in the stage after weaning, from 25kg-75kg.
Harrows
Harrows are an implement used for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of soil.
Heifer
A young female bovine that has not yet given birth to a calf. After giving birth, a heifer becomes a cow.
High tunnels or greenhouse type structures in the field
High tunnels or greenhouse type structures in the field are tall greenhouses used to protect crops on a large scale so vegetables could be grown in high volumes.
Hybrid
A hybrid crop is a result of two different varieties of plant are cross-pollinated to create an off-spring or hybrid that contains the best traits of each of the parents.
In-field winter grazing or feeding
In-field winter grazing or feeding is the practice of keeping grazing livestock in the field (cropland or pastureland) over winter, where they are fed hay or graze on crop residues instead of being confined in paddocks closer to the barns. Cattle, sheep or other grazing livestock are normally moved over the winter to different feeding locations so that their manure can be distributed more widely and the nutrients, especially nitrogen, used to greater advantage for pasture or other crops in the subsequent year. Also called swath grazing and bale grazing.
Injection of fertilizer
The injection of fertilizer is used to apply water-soluble fertilizers during crop production. Fertilizer is added to irrigation systems and delivers nutrients in liquid form directly to the roots of the plants.
Inoculated
Inoculated is defined as the process of adding effective bacteria to the host plant seed before planting. The purpose of inoculation is to make sure that there is enough of the correct type of bacteria present in the soil so that a successful legume-bacterial balance is created.
Inputs
All external requirements used to grow a crop. Includes seed, fertilizer, soil amendments, and pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, biopesticides).
Insecticide
A substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel or minimize the effect of any insects that may be present.
Intercropping
Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice that involves growing two or more crops in proximity. In other words, intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field.
Inter-row tillage after crop emergence
Inter-row tillage after crop emergence attempts to selectively kill weeds without harming the crop.
Ionophores
Ionophores are a class of antibiotics that are used in cattle production to shift ruminal fermentation patterns. They also are used to control coccidiosis in cattle.
Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus are bacteria used as probiotics to restore normal gut flora after the imbalance created by antibiotic therapy.
Land levelling
Land levelling is a measure used in surface irrigation, such as basin and furrow irrigation. It consists of preparing the irrigation plot in a way that no high and/or low spots disturb the uniform distribution of irrigation water on the field, and ensuring the optimal slope for water movement across a field when irrigated.
Legume
A legume is a seed, pod, or other edible part of a leguminous plant, used as food. Examples of a legume are chickpeas, beans, peanuts, lentils, etc.
Low tunnels, hoops, or miniature greenhouse structures
Low tunnels, hoops, or miniature greenhouse structures warm the soil and offers protection from many elements, bugs, pests and diseases.
Management of painful procedures
Management of painful procedures involve use of medication like painkillers or anesthetics when completing painful procedures like surgeries, castration or dehorning.
Manure (liquid or semi-solid)
Mixture or slurry of liquid and solid animal waste (with or without bedding) that can be pumped, but normally requires agitation prior to pumping.
Manure (solid)
Solid mixture of animal waste (usually containing some bedding) that is dry enough to be placed in a heap.
Manure pack
A thick layer of manure that develops over time in outdoor confined feeding areas by livestock (e.g. cattle) manure deposits. May be deposited over top of bedding material.
Methane capture
Methane captures occur through farm digesters, which are big tanks that contain manure and other waste from barns that house livestock such as cows and pigs.
Milking parlour
A milking parlour is a room in or attached to a barn on a modern dairy farm maintained exclusively for the mechanical milking of cows.
Mixed breed
A calf that contains three or more breed types.
Multi-cell ground lagoon, pit or tank
Multi-cell (multi-stage) ground lagoons, pits or tanks have treatment and storage functions divided between two or more earthen basins.
Multi-cell systems
Multi-cell structures are storage structures consisting of two or more cells that are connected, where the content of one cell can overflow into another.
Mycotoxin binder
A mycotoxin binder is a substance that is added to animal feed in small quantities in order to trap mycotoxins, preventing them from entering the blood stream where they can cause serious harm to the animals.
Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a variety of molds on several agricultural commodities under specific environmental conditions (source: Canadian Food Inspection Agency). They can create a variety of problems for beef cattle including reduced health and productivity.
Natural land for pasture
Areas used for pasture that have not been cultivated and seeded, or drained, irrigated or fertilized. Includes native pasture/hay (indigenous grass suitable as feed for livestock and game); rangeland (land with natural plant cover, principally native grasses or shrubs valuable for forage); grazeable bush (forest land and bushy areas used for grazing, not land cultivated for crops or with dense forest), etc.
Nematicides
Nematicides are substances used to kill nematode worms. Often referred to as roundworms, nematodes are multicellular insects with smooth, unsegmented bodies. The nematode species that feed on plants are so small that you need a microscope to see them.
Nematodes
Nematodes are often referred to as roundworms, nematodes are not are multicellular insects with smooth, unsegmented bodies. The nematode species that feed on plants are so small that you need a microscope to see them.
Nitrogen soil fixation by bacteria
Nitrogen soil fixation by bacteria is a process in which microorganisms that can transform nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into "fixed nitrogen" compounds, such as ammonia, that are usable by plants.
Non-workable land
Includes natural pastureland, woodland, wetlands, ponds, bogs, sloughs, etc., barnyards, lanes, etc., and land on which farm buildings are located.
No till or zero till
No tillage prior to planting. Seeding and fertilizer operations are done with implements that minimize soil disturbance. More than 60% of the previous crop's residues remain on the soil after planting. This is also often called low disturbance direct seeding with no prior tillage. For fallow land, weed control is done by herbicides only (for example, chem fallow).
NPK
NPK stands for nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). They are the three nutrients that compose fertilizers, and form what is called the N-P-K ratio, which is the proportion of the three nutrients in order.
Nursing pigs
Nursing pigs include pigs from weaning up to 25kg.
On farm sales
Sold directly to the public for consumption (include direct on farm sales and market gardens).
Options
Options are financial derivatives that give buyers the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at an agreed-upon price and date.
Organic waste
Includes crop residues, fruit and vegetable culls and pruned branches, canes or vines.
Perennial vegetation
Perennial vegetation are crop species that live longer than two years without the need for replanting each year.
Permanent wetlands
Similar to seasonal wetlands, except they are usually flooded year-round, except for during periods of extreme drought. They also include lakes, reservoirs and dugouts.
Permeable fabric
Examples of permeable fabric are fabric mulch ground covers, weed barriers, cotton, polyester, and burlap.
Pest management
Refers to management practices used to control weeds, insects, diseases or other pests.
Pesticide
Any chemical used for controlling, suppressing or killing insects, weeds or fungi. Includes fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides.
Plastics or geotextiles
Plastics or geotextiles such as plastic mulch, PVC and polyethylene in large-scale sheets can be used to control liquids and solids to keep the right things in the right place, and the wrong things away.
Plug or restore previously drained wetlands
Digging up the topsoil and allowing it to revert back to a wetland. Maybe removing the tile drainage around it, or filling (plugging) any ditches or similar structures that remove water from it. Not seeding it; avoiding passing over it with equipment.
Pre-mixed feed
A pre-mixed feed can be purchased as a mixture of vitamins, minerals, supplements as desired by the consumer.
Prebiotics
Prebiotics are compounds in food that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The most common example is in the gastrointestinal tract, where prebiotics can alter the composition of organisms in the gut microbiome.
Prevention-focused health program
A prevention-focused health program is a set of management practices put in place to prevent the introduction and/or spread of diseases in herds.
Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora.
Protein supplements
Protein supplements are available in many forms. High-quality forages, commodity co-product feedstuffs, range cubes, protein blocks, and liquid supplements are some examples.
Pure breed
Animal that has been bred and descended from a population of animals having a common genetic origin and physical characteristics for multiple generations, such that their resulting progeny reliably carry on the characteristics of that breed. In Canada, the definition of purebred for each breed is established in the approved bylaws of a breed association, authorized to register animals of that breed under the authority of the Animal Pedigree Act.
Ration
The daily feed allowance for an individual animal, prepared from various feed types or sources. These feed types can be provided separately or mixed together.
Reduced till or no till
Reduced till or no till farming is an agricultural technique for growing crops or pasture without disturbing the soil through tillage. No-till farming decreases the amount of soil erosion.
Relay cropping
Relay cropping is essentially a special version of double cropping, where the second crop is planted into the first crop before harvest. In this way, both crops share a portion of the growing season, increasing solar radiation and heat available to each.
Remote or Offsite Watering System
A watering system that reduces livestock impact on surface water bodies by pumping water from the source to a watering trough located some distance upslope from the water source.
Replacement heifers
Replacement heifers refers to heifers that are older and heavier at the start of the breeding season. They are used to maintain a consistent cow size suitable for the environment and feed resources.
Retail sales
Sold to local stores or chains who then sell products to the customer (include local bakeries, butcher shops, coffee shop, gift stores, independent groceries and large grocery chains).
Riparian areas
Riparian areas are defined as the transitional area between an upland dry area and a water body such as a stream or lake, commonly referred to by some as the shoreline region.
Robotic milking
Robotic milking is when a type of robot called an automatic milking system replaces a person to do all the jobs involved in milking a herd of cows.
Rumen modifiers
Rumen modifiers are feed additives which alter ruminal fermentation, microbial growth, and have a positive impact on feed efficiency.
Rumensin™
Rumensin™ is an ingredient for beef cattle, aiding in the control of bloat and prevention of coccidiosis (parasites). Rumensin™ increases feed efficiency by altering the composition of the microbial population in the rumen.
Seasonal wetlands
Normally have water present until mid-summer or early fall and, in most years it is too wet to plant a crop in these areas. Examples include ponds, sloughs, potholes, marshes and treed wet swamps. Don't consider permanent wetlands.
Separate feed ingredients
Separate feed ingredients can be purchased individually by consumers for them to use and mix as they desire.
Setback Distance
Distance between the normal shoreline of a seasonal or permanent wetland or waterway, extending upslope to the edge of manure, fertilizer or pesticide applications.
Side dressing
Side dressing is the application of fertilizers in a shallow furrow or band along the side of vegetable row crops or in a circle around individual plants.
Silage
A crop, such as corn and sorghum or other green crops with sufficient moisture, that has been preserved by partial fermentation in a silo, pit, stack, plastic bag or wrap for animal feed. Usually chopped. Often called "hay crop silage" or "haylage" when made from forage crops such as hay or alfalfa. Also referred to as ensilage and baleage.
Slow release fertilizer
Slow release fertilizers are fertilizers that release a small, steady amount of nutrients over a course of time.
Sod
Sod or turf is grass and the part of the soil beneath it held together by its roots or another piece of thin material.
Soil fumigants
Soil fumigants are sprayed or spread over an area to be cultivated and are worked into the soil to control disease-causing fungi, nematodes, and weeds.
Sorghum
Sorghum is a cereal grain with broad, corn-like leaves and a tall stem. It is used as a major source of grain and of feed for livestock.
Sow
A sow refers to a female pig that has given birth.
Steer
A steer is a male bovine that has been castrated before reaching sexual maturity and is primarily used for beef.
Stubble
Stubble refers to short stiff pieces left in the fields after wheat, corn etc. has been cut.
Summerfallow
Involves keeping normally cultivated land free of vegetation throughout one growing season by cultivating (plowing, discing, etc.) and/or applying chemicals to destroy weeds, insects and soil-borne diseases and allow a buildup of soil moisture reserves for the next crop year. Includes chemfallow, tillage, and/or a combination of chemical and tillage weed control on the same land. Part of the crop rotation system in Western Canada. Rarely found in Eastern Canada.
Super booster
Super booster is a balanced blend of vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, amino acids and probiotics. It is developed for fast growing meat birds to help strengthen bones and develop muscles rapidly.
Surface broadcast
A surface broadcast is a method of seeding or fertilizer application that involves scattering seed or fertilizer, by hand or mechanically, over a relatively large area.
Swathed crops
Swathed crops are strips of hay or grain cut by an implement and left on a field to be grazed.
Tame or seeded pasture
Grazeable land that has been improved from its natural state by seeding, draining, irrigating, fertilizing or weed control. Does not include areas of land harvested for hay, silage or seed.
Tie stall
A tie stall is an individual shelter partially enclosed on three sides with a wall, fence, railing or similar structure.
Tillage
Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand tools include shoveling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and raking.
Tillage implements
Tillage implements include ploughs (wooden ploughs, iron or inversion ploughs, special purpose ploughs, etc.), and harrows, rollers, or pulverizers, and other tools for mulching and fallowing.
Trough
A trough is a long, narrow open container for animals to eat or drink out of.
Vegetable, fruit, berries or nuts
Exclude herbs, nursery and greenhouse crops, sod, floriculture, Christmas trees, maple trees, mushrooms, ginseng and other field crops.
Venture capital
Venture capital is a capital investment made by others and received by your business, with a long-term growth perspective.
Volunteer crop
Volunteers grow from seeds of the previous year's crop, or seeds which arrive inadvertently in the field.
Waterway
Channels that contain flowing water year round or for at least part of the year, usually in spring. Examples include drainage ditches, draws or coulees, grassed waterways, streams, creeks and rivers.
Weaner, nursery, or starter pigs
Weaner, nursery, or starter pigs include pigs from weaning up to 25kg.
Wetlands
Non-workable areas such as ponds, bogs, marshes and sloughs.
Wholesale
Sold in bulk or in large quantities to a wholesaler who then sells products to retailers.
Windbreaks or shelterbelts
Rows of natural or planted trees or hedges along field edges that stop prevailing winds from eroding the soil. Used more frequently in Western Canada where farmland is more susceptible to wind action and where trapping snow for moisture is important.
Windrow
A windrow is a long line of raked hay or sheaves of grain laid out to dry in the wind.
Windrowed Crops or Swathed Crops
Strips of hay or grain cut by an implement and left on a field to be grazed.
Winter cover crop
A crop, such as red clover, fall rye, etc., seeded in the fall to protect the soil from water and wind erosion during the winter and from heavy rains and run-off in the spring.
Woodlands
Non-workable land such as woodlots, sugarbushes, tree windbreaks, and bush that is not used for grazing.
Workable land
All arable or cleared lands including area in hay, crops, summerfallow, and tame or seeded pasture land.
Yeast cell wall
Yeast cell wall is commonly used as a nutritional supplement in animals' diet. It can help boost immune system health.
Zilpaterol and Ractopamine
Zilpaterol (commercial name Zilmax) and Ractopamine (commercial name Optaflexx) are types of medication fed to cattle at specific dosing regimens to improve weight gain, feed efficiency, and reduce carcass fat.