Farm Management Survey - 2021 - Crop Modules

Getting Started

Why do we conduct this survey?

The Farm Management Survey is conducted in collaboration with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, to ensure that agriculture programs reflect the changing way resources are being managed on today's farms. The data collected contribute to the establishment of baselines and development of updates for an expanded set of agri-environmental indicators.

These indicators are needed to:

  • determine the present status of farm environmental management across Canada
  • identify areas that are most in need of programs to promote environmental management practices
  • generate the information to design effective and well targeted policy and program responses.

Your information may also be used by Statistics Canada for other statistical and research purposes.

Although voluntary, your participation is important so that the information collected is as accurate and complete as possible.

Other important information

Authorization to collect this information

Data are collected under the authority of the Statistics Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, Chapter S-19.

Confidentiality

By law, Statistics Canada is prohibited from releasing any information it collects that could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent, or as permitted by the Statistics Act. Statistics Canada will use the information from this survey for statistical purposes only.

Record linkages

To enhance the data from this survey and to reduce the response burden, Statistics Canada may combine the acquired data with information from other surveys or from administrative sources.

Data-sharing agreements

To reduce respondent burden, Statistics Canada has entered into data-sharing agreements with provincial and territorial statistical agencies and other government organizations, which have agreed to keep the data confidential and use them only for statistical purposes. Statistics Canada will only share data from this survey with those organizations that have demonstrated a requirement to use the data.

Section 11 of the Statistics Act provides for the sharing of information with provincial and territorial statistical agencies that meet certain conditions. These agencies must have the legislative authority to collect the same information, on a mandatory basis, and the legislation must provide substantially the same provisions for confidentiality and penalties for disclosure of confidential information as the Statistics Act. Because these agencies have the legal authority to compel businesses to provide the same information, consent is not requested and businesses may not object to the sharing of the data.

For this survey, there are Section 11 agreements with the provincial and territorial statistical agencies of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. The shared data will be limited to information pertaining to business establishments located within the jurisdiction of the respective province.

Section 12 of the Statistics Act provides for the sharing of information with federal, provincial or territorial government organizations.

Under Section 12, you may refuse to share your information with any of these organizations by writing a letter of objection to the Chief Statistician, specifying the organizations with which you do not want Statistics Canada to share your data and mailing it to the following address:

Chief Statistician of Canada
Statistics Canada
Attention of the Director, Environment and Energy Statistics Division
150 Tunney's Pasture Driveway
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0T6

You may also contact us by email at statcan.esd-helpdesk-dse-bureaudedepannage.statcan@canada.ca or by fax at (613) 951-6583.

For this survey, there are Section 12 agreements with the statistical agency of Prince Edward Island, as well as the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and Environment and Climate Change Canada.

For agreements with provincial government organizations, the shared data will be limited to information pertaining to business establishments located within the jurisdiction of the respective province.

Important features

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Definitions and explanations

? – A help button is available for certain questions. Press this button for additional information or clarification.

Survey Purpose

The survey collects information about the management practices used on Canadian farms.

Survey results will help Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada measure the use of these practices in the agriculture industry, and will support their development of effective agricultural programs.

The information you provide may also be used by Statistics Canada for other statistical and research purposes.

Unit of measure

Q1. What unit of measure will be used to report land areas?

  • Acres
  • Hectares
  • Arpents

Land inventory

Q2. In 2021, how many [unit of measure] of land were used by this operation?

Include all land used by this operation, i.e., owned, rented, leased or crop-shared.

Exclude any land rented or crop-shared to others.

Q3. In 2021, how many [unit of measure] of natural ponds or wetlands were on this operation?

Include ponds, sloughs, marshes, treed swamps, lakes, etc.

  • Number of [unit of measure]
  • OR
  • No natural ponds or wetlands on this operation

Q4. In 2021, how many [unit of measure] of of natural vegetation were on this operation?

Include natural pasture/grassland, bushes or forest.

Exclude ponds, sloughs, marshes, treed swamps, lakes, and other water surfaces.

  • Number of [unit of measure]
  • OR
  • No natural vegetation on this operation

Q5. In 2021, how many [unit of measure] of the following crop types were grown on this operation?

Include all land used by this operation, i.e., owned, rented, leased or crop-shared.

Exclude any land rented or crop-shared to others.

Note: Count any land areas that were used for multiple purposes only once.

Report 0 if no crops were grown in 2021.

  1. Forage crops grown for hay, silage or seed
    Include grass, clover, alfalfa mixtures, tame hay etc.
  2. Field crops used for grain, seed, or feed
    Include cereals, oilseeds, corn, pulses and other field crops.
  3. Vegetables, fruit, berries or nuts grown for sale
    Include potatoes and sugar beets.
  4. All other crop types
    Specify all other crop types

Q6. In 2021, did this operation use any land other than those reported in question 5 for pasture?

Include any tame, seeded or natural land, or woodland used for pasture.

  • Yes
    • How many [unit of measure]?
  • No

Animal inventory

Q1. Are there any livestock or poultry currently on this operation?

  • Yes
  • No

Q2. How many of the following are currently on this operation?

Include:

  • all animals on this operation, regardless of ownership, including those that are boarded, custom fed, or fed under contract
  • all animals kept by this operation regardless of ownership that were pastured on a community pasture, grazing coop, or public land for part of the year.

Exclude animals owned by this operation but kept on a farm, ranch or feedlot operated by someone else.

Note: Press the help button (?) for additional information.

  1. Dairy cattle
    Include all types and ages for breeding or milk production.
  2. Beef cattle
    Include all types and ages for breeding or meat production.
  3. Pigs
    Include all types and ages for breeding or meat production.
  4. Poultry
    Include all types and ages for breeding, meat, or egg production.
  5. All other animals
    Specify all other animals

Field crop identification

Q1. In 2021, considering all field crops grown on this operation, identify the largest crop by seeded area.

Include fallows based on the type of field crop normally grown there.

Exclude potatoes, sugar beets, all vegetables and fruit, grass, alfalfa and other perennial forages.

  • Barley
  • Buckwheat
  • Canary seed
  • Canola (rapeseed)
  • Chick peas
    Include garbanzo beans
  • Corn
    Exclude sweet corn
    • Corn for grain
    • Corn for silage
  • Dry field peas
    Exclude fresh green peas.
  • Dry white beans (navy and pea beans)
  • Flaxseed
  • Lentils
  • Mustard seed
  • Oats
  • Rye
    • Fall rye (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
    • Spring rye
  • Soybeans
  • Sunflowers (standard and dwarf varieties)
  • Triticale
  • Wheat
    • Spring wheat
    • Durum wheat
    • Winter wheat (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
  • Other dry beans
    e.g., pinto, kidney, cranberry beans, Lima, great northern
  • Other field crop
    e.g., ginseng, caraway seed, hemp, tobacco, spelt, coriander and other spices
    Specify other field crop

Q2. In 2021, what was the seeded area for this crop?

  1. Barley
  2. Buckwheat
  3. Canary seed
  4. Canola (rapeseed)
  5. Chick peas
    Include garbanzo beans
  6. Corn for grain
  7. Corn for silage
  8. Dry field peas
    Exclude fresh green peas.
  9. Dry white beans (navy and pea beans)
  10. Flaxseed
  11. Lentils
  12. Mustard seed
  13. Oats
  14. Fall rye (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
  15. Spring rye
  16. Soybeans
  17. Sunflowers (standard and dwarf varieties)
  18. Triticale
  19. Spring wheat
  20. Durum wheat
  21. Winter wheat (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
  22. Other dry beans
    e.g., pinto, kidney, cranberry beans, Lima, great northern
  23. [Other field crop]

Q3. In addition to [selected crop], were any other field crops grown on this operation in 2021?

Include fallows based on the type of field crop normally grown there.

Exclude potatoes, sugar beets, all vegetables and fruit, grass, alfalfa and other perennial forages.

  • Yes
  • No

Q4. In addition to [selected crop], what other field crops were grown on this operation in 2021?

Include fallows based on the type of field crop normally grown there.

Exclude potatoes, sugar beets, all vegetables and fruit, sweet corn, grass, alfalfa and other perennial forages.

Select all that apply.

  • Barley
  • Buckwheat
  • Canary seed
  • Canola (rapeseed)
  • Chick peas
    Include garbanzo beans
  • Corn
    Exclude sweet corn
    • Corn for grain
    • Corn for silage
  • Dry field peas
    Exclude fresh green peas.
  • Dry white beans (navy and pea beans)
  • Flaxseed
  • Lentils
  • Mustard seed
  • Oats
  • Rye
    • Fall rye (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
    • Spring rye
  • Soybeans
  • Sunflowers (standard and dwarf varieties)
  • Triticale
  • Wheat
    • Spring wheat
    • Durum wheat
    • Winter wheat (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
  • Other dry beans
    e.g., pinto, kidney, cranberry beans, Lima, great northern
  • Other field crop
    e.g., ginseng, caraway seed, hemp, tobacco, spelt, coriander and other spices
    Specify other field crop

Q5. In 2021, what was the seeded area for each of these crops?

  1. Barley
  2. Buckwheat
  3. Canary seed
  4. Canola (rapeseed)
  5. Chick peas
    Include garbanzo beans
  6. Corn for grain
  7. Corn for silage
  8. Dry field peas
    Exclude fresh green peas.
  9. Dry white beans (navy and pea beans)
  10. Flaxseed
  11. Lentils
  12. Mustard seed
  13. Oats
  14. Fall rye (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
  15. Spring rye
  16. Soybeans
  17. Sunflowers (standard and dwarf varieties)
  18. Triticale
  19. Spring wheat
  20. Durum wheat
  21. Winter wheat (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
  22. Other dry beans
    e.g., pinto, kidney, cranberry beans, Lima, great northern
  23. [Other field crop]

Q6. Later in the questionnaire, you will be asked about management practices related to pest management in 2021.

You will only be asked to answer these questions for [selected crop] and one other crop.

Please select one crop for which you will answer these questions.

  • Barley
  • Buckwheat
  • Canary seed
  • Canola (rapeseed)
  • Chick peas
    Include garbanzo beans
  • Corn
    Exclude sweet corn
    • Corn for grain
    • Corn for silage
  • Dry field peas
    Exclude fresh green peas.
  • Dry white beans (navy and pea beans)
  • Flaxseed
  • Lentils
  • Mustard seed
  • Oats
  • Rye
    • Fall rye (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
    • Spring rye
  • Soybeans
  • Sunflowers (standard and dwarf varieties)
  • Triticale
  • Wheat
    • Spring wheat
    • Durum wheat
    • Winter wheat (seeded in late summer or fall 2021)
  • Other dry beans
    e.g., pinto, kidney, cranberry beans, Lima, great northern

General crop management 

Q1. In 2021, were field crops on this operation irrigated?

  • Yes, all crops
  • Yes, some crops
  • No

Q2. For all croplands on this operation, please indicate the area of land that was managed using each of the following tillage systems.

Note: Press the help button (?) for additional information.

  1. Conventional tillage
  2. Conservation or reduced tillage
  3. No till or zero till

Q3. For [selected crop] grown between October 2020 and September 2021, what percentage of the crop area was used for the following purposes?

Note: Press the help button (?) for additional information.

  1. grain production
  2. seed production
  3. forage production
    e.g., removal of hay, silage, greenfeed
  4. grazing active growth in spring to early fall
  5. grazing crop residues and volunteer growth after grain or seed harvest
  6. grazing dormant growth in late fall or winter
    e.g., swathgrazing, standing corn, stockpile annual forages
  7. not used due to complete crop failure

Q4. What percentage of the total grain harvested in 2021 from [selected crop] was or will be

  1. used on operation
  2. sold from operation

Q5. What percent of the total seed harvested in 2021 from [selected crop] was or will be

  1. used on operation
  2. sold from operation

Q6. What percent of the total hay, silage, or greenfeed harvested in 2021 from [selected crop] was or will be

  1. used on operation
  2. sold from operation

Q7. In 2021, how was crop residue managed for [selected crop] used for grain or seed production?

Select all that apply.

  1. Chopped and spread by combine
  2. Spread and not chopped
  3. Baled straw
  4. Burned stubble, straw or chaff
  5. Collected chaff
  6. Additional spreading with harrows
  7. Left on ground with no additional management
  8. Fall tillage to incorporate residues into soil
  9. Other
    Specify other method

Q8. For [selected crop] grown in 2021, what was the most common crop type grown on the same land in 2020?

  • Crop type in 2020

The next questions are about crop rotation practices used on this operation.

Q9. Which of the following statements best describes how crops are grown on this operation?

  • No rotation. The same crop is grown on the same land every year
  • Crops are rotated, but the sequence of crops is not always the same
  • Crops are rotated using the same sequence of crops
  • Other
    Specify other crop rotation practices

Q10. Please list the sequence of field crops for a rotation. If there is more than one rotation used on this operation, provide the sequence of the three most common rotations.

Fill each cell with only one crop. Each sequence should have at least 2 crops.

Exclude perennial forages and horticulture crops.

Example:

  • Rotation 1: wheat, canola, peas
  • Rotation 2: soybeans, corn, winter wheat
  1. Rotation 1; Crop 1, Crop 2, Crop 3, Crop 4, Crop 5
  2. Rotation 2; Crop 1, Crop 2, Crop 3, Crop 4, Crop 5
  3. Rotation 3; Crop 1, Crop 2, Crop 3, Crop 4, Crop 5

Q11. Between October 2020 and September 2021, what area of corn, soybean or canola crop was seeded using genetically modified (GMO) seed varieties?

  • [unit of measure] seeded using GMO
    OR
  • No genetically modified seed varieties used

Q12. What specific traits were contained in the genetically modified (GMO) seed varieties used?

Select all that apply.

  1. Single herbicide tolerance
  2. Stacked herbicide tolerance
  3. Insect resistance
  4. Disease resistance
  5. Improved product quality
    Specify improved product quality
  6. Other
    Specify other traits

Forage crop identification

Q1. In 2021, of the [number] [unit of measure] used for hay, silage or seed production, how many [unit of measure] were in the following types of established forage crops?

Exclude land that is used only for pasture or field crops,
e.g., corn, barley, oats.

  1. Mostly grass (with less than 25% of legumes)
    Include brome grasses, wheatgrasses, ryegrasses, fescues, orchard grass and timothy
  2. Mostly legumes (with less than 25% of grasses)
    Include alfalfa, clover, sainfoin, trefoil and vetches.
  3. Mixture of grass and legumes (approximately 50% of each)

Crop identification (vegetable, fruit, berry or nut crops)

Q1. In 2021, what was the largest vegetable, fruit, berry or nut crop grown on this operation, based on the planted or seeded area?

Include:

  • established and recently planted crops
  • potatoes and sugar beets as vegetables.
  • Largest crop by planted or seeded area
  • Specify other vegetable
  • Specify other fruit, berry or nut

Q2. In 2021, what was the seeded or planted area for this crop?

  • Vegetables
    1. Asparagus
    2. Beets
    3. Broccoli
    4. Brussel sprouts
    5. Cabbage
    6. Carrots
      Include baby carrots.
    7. Cauliflower
    8. Celery
    9. Chinese cabbage
    10. Cucumbers (all varieties)
    11. Dry onions, yellow, Spanish, cooking etc.
    12. Green and wax beans
    13. Green peas
      Exclude dry field peas.
    14. Lettuce (all head and leaf varieties)
    15. Peppers
    16. Pumpkins
    17. Radishes
    18. Red potatoes
    19. Russet potatoes
    20. Rutabagas and turnips
    21. Shallots and green onions
    22. Spinach
    23. Squash and zucchini
    24. Sugar beets
    25. Sweet corn
    26. Tomatoes
    27. Yellow potatoes
    28. [Other vegetable]
  • Fruits, berries, nuts
    1. Apricots
    2. Apples
    3. Blueberries
      Include highbush blueberries and wild blueberries grown on managed land.
    4. Cherries (sour)
    5. Cherries (sweet)
    6. Cranberries
    7. Grapes
    8. Peaches
    9. Pears
    10. Plums and prunes
    11. Raspberries
    12. Saskatoons
    13. Strawberries
    14. [Other fruit, berries, or nuts]

Q3. In addition to [selected crop], were any other vegetable, fruit, berry or nut crops grown on this operation in 2021?

Include:

  • established and recently planted crops
  • potatoes and sugar beets as vegetables.
  • Yes
  • No

Q4. In addition to [selected crop], what other vegetable, fruit, berry or nut crops were grown on this operation in 2021?

Include:

  • established and recently planted crops
  • potatoes and sugar beets as vegetables.

Select all that apply.

  • Vegetables
    1. Asparagus
    2. Beets
    3. Broccoli
    4. Brussel sprouts
    5. Cabbage
    6. Carrots
      Include baby carrots.
    7. Cauliflower
    8. Celery
    9. Chinese cabbage
    10. Cucumbers (all varieties)
    11. Dry onions, yellow, Spanish, cooking etc.
    12. Green and wax beans
    13. Green peas
      Exclude dry field peas.
    14. Lettuce (all head and leaf varieties)
    15. Peppers
    16. Potatoes
    17. Pumpkins
    18. Radishes
    19. Red potatoes
    20. Russet potatoes
    21. Rutabagas and turnips
    22. Shallots and green onions
    23. Spinach
    24. Squash and zucchini
    25. Sugar beets
    26. Sweet corn
    27. Tomatoes
    28. Yellow potatoes
    29. [Other vegetable]
      e.g., herbs, melons, garlic, gourds
  • Fruits, berries, nuts
    1. Apricots
    2. Apples
    3. Blueberries
      Include highbush blueberries and wild blueberries grown on managed land.
    4. Cherries (sour)
    5. Cherries (sweet)
    6. Cranberries
    7. Grapes
    8. Peaches
    9. Pears
    10. Plums and prunes
    11. Raspberries
    12. Saskatoons
    13. Strawberries
    14. [Other fruit, berries, or nuts]
      e.g., nectarines, currants, blackberries, rhubarb, hazelnuts

Q5. In 2021, what was the seeded or planted area for each of these crops?

  • Vegetables
    1. Asparagus
    2. Beets
    3. Broccoli
    4. Brussel sprouts
    5. Cabbage
    6. Carrots
      Include baby carrots.
    7. Cauliflower
    8. Celery
    9. Chinese cabbage
    10. Cucumbers (all varieties)
    11. Dry onions, yellow, Spanish, cooking etc.
    12. Green and wax beans
    13. Green peas
      Exclude dry field peas.
    14. Lettuce (all head and leaf varieties)
    15. Peppers
    16. Pumpkins
    17. Radishes
    18. Red potatoes
    19. Russet potatoes
    20. Rutabagas and turnips
    21. Shallots and green onions
    22. Spinach
    23. Squash and zucchini
    24. Sugar beets
    25. Sweet corn
    26. Tomatoes
    27. Yellow potatoes
    28. [Other vegetable]
  • Fruits, berries, nuts
    1. Apricots
    2. Apples
    3. Blueberries
      Include highbush blueberries and wild blueberries grown on managed land.
    4. Cherries (sour)
    5. Cherries (sweet)
    6. Cranberries
    7. Grapes
    8. Peaches
    9. Pears
    10. Plums and prunes
    11. Raspberries
    12. Saskatoons
    13. Strawberries
    14. [Other fruit, berries, or nuts]

Q6. Later in the questionnaire, you will be asked about management practices related to irrigation and pest management in 2021.

You will only be asked to answer these questions for [selected crop] and one other crop.

Please select one crop for which you will answer these questions.

Other crop type

Crop management (Vegetables)

Q1. Between October 2020 and September 2021, were two or three crops grown at different times on the same land within a field i.e., double or triple cropped?
Double or triple cropping refers to the practice of sequentially growing and harvesting a second or third crop on the same land within a single growing season.

  • Yes
  • No

Q2. Please list the sequence of double or triple crops for 2021.

Note: If different sequences were used on different land parcels, please list these separately.

Note: Double or triple cropping refers to the practice of sequentially growing and harvesting a second or third crop on the same land within a single growing season.

Example:

  • Sequence 1: lettuce, lettuce, broccoli
  • Sequence 2: green peas, tomatoes
  1. Sequence 1; Crop 1, Crop 2, Crop 3
  2. Sequence 2; Crop 1, Crop 2, Crop 3
  3. Sequence 3; Crop 1, Crop 2, Crop 3

Q3. In 2021, what area of land was double or triple cropped?

  • Area of land in [unit of measure]

The following questions are about the [selected] crops grown on this operation.

Q4. For [selected] crops grown in 2021, what was the most common crop type grown on the same land in 2020?

  • 2020 crop type

Q5. From October 2020 and September 2021, which of the following sources of nutrients were applied to land where [selected] crops were grown?

Select all that apply.

  1. Commercial fertilizer (N-P-K)
  2. Compost
    Include composted manure.
  3. Raw manure
  4. Lime
  5. Other nutrients
    e.g., sulfur, boron, copper
  6. Please indicate which of the following were applied.
  7. Select all that apply.
    1. Calcium
    2. Magnesium
    3. Sulphur
    4. Boron
    5. Chlorine
    6. Copper
    7. Iron
    8. Manganese
    9. Molybdenum
    10. Zinc
      OR
    11. Don't know
  8. Other
    Specify other nutrient source material applied to soil or crop
    OR
  9. None

Q6. Between October 2020 and September 2021, which of the following management practices were used for [selected] crops?

Select all that apply.

  1. Reduced till or no till
  2. Raised beds or hills
  3. Inter-row tillage after crop emergence
  4. Fall or winter cover crops planted after harvest
  5. Green manure crops planted in spring
  6. Low tunnels, hoop or miniature greenhouse type structures in the field
  7. High tunnels or greenhouse type structures in the field
  8. Other
    Specify other soil or crop management practice
    OR
  9. No management practices used

Q7. Between October 2020 and September 2021, which of the following types of mulches or covers were used for [selected] crops?

Select all that apply.

  1. Plastic or geotextile
  2. Permeable fabric
  3. Organic
    e.g., straw, sawdust, woodchips
  4. Other
    Specify other mulch or cover
    OR
  5. No mulches or covers used

Crop management (Fruit, berries and nuts)

Q1. In the last five years, 2017 to 2021, were there any new plantings of [selected crop] established?

  • Yes
  • No

Q2. For the [selected crop] grown in the last five years, which of the following materials were applied to the soil or crop to prepare the land for planting, or to assist in establishment?

Select all that apply.

  1. Commercial fertilizer (N-P-K)
  2. Compost
    Include composted manure.
  3. Raw manure
  4. Lime
  5. Other nutrients
    e.g., sulfur, boron, copper
    Please indicate which of the following were applied.
    Select all that apply.
    1. Calcium
    2. Magnesium
    3. Sulphur
    4. Boron
    5. Chlorine
    6. Copper
    7. Iron
    8. Manganese
    9. Molybdenum
    10. Zinc
      OR
    11. Don't know
  6. Soil fumigant
  7. Herbicide
  8. Other
    Specify other nutrient source material applied to soil or crop
    OR
  9. None

Q3. For [selected crop], which of the following management practices were used to prepare the land before planting?

Select all that apply.

  1. Planted a green manure plowdown crop
  2. Deep tillage or subsoiling
  3. Land leveling
  4. Removed stones
  5. Raised beds or hills
  6. Other
    Specify other practice
    OR
  7. No management practices used

The following questions concern established plantings of [selected crops] grown on this operation.

Q4. Between October 2020 and September 2021, which of the following were used within the rows of established [selected] crops?

Select all that apply.

  1. Commercial fertilizer (N-P-K)
  2. Compost
    Include composted manure.
  3. Raw manure
  4. Lime
  5. Other nutrients
    e.g., sulfur, boron, copper
    Please indicate which of the following were applied.
    Select all that apply.
    1. Calcium
    2. Magnesium
    3. Sulphur
    4. Boron
    5. Chlorine
    6. Copper
    7. Iron
    8. Manganese
    9. Molybdenum
    10. Zinc
      OR
    11. Don't know
  6. Organic mulches
    e.g., straw, sawdust, woodchips
  7. Plastic or geotextile mulches
  8. Tilled to throw soil back into row
    e.g., grape hoe, build up raised bed
  9. Other
    Specify other nutrient source material applied to soil or crop
    OR
  10. None

Q5. Between October 2020 and September 2021, which of the following were used between the rows of established [selected] crops?

Select all that apply.

  1. Tillage
  2. Herbicides
  3. Mowing
  4. Spring or summer seeded cover crops, not harvested
  5. Fall seeded cover crops, not harvested
  6. Crop grown for harvest
    Specify crop grown for harvest
  7. Perennial vegetation
    e.g., grass
  8. Organic mulches
    e.g., straw, sawdust, woodchips
  9. Other
    Specify other practice
    OR
  10. Nothing used between the rows

Q6. Between October 2020 and September 2021, which of the following structures were used for established [selected] crops?

Exclude irrigation system structures.

Select all that apply.

  1. Plant support structures
    e.g. trellis, wire, posts
  2. High tunnels or greenhouse type structures over one or more crop rows
  3. Bird netting
  4. Bird scaring devices
    Specify bird scaring devices
  5. Perimeter fencing to prevent wildlife damage
  6. Other
    Specify other structure
    OR
  7. No structures used

Q7. How often are [selected] branches, canes or vines pruned or thinned?

Exclude fruit thinning.

  1. More than once per year
  2. Once per year
  3. Once every two years
  4. Less than once every two years

Harvest management (Forage crops)

Q1. In 2021, were forage crops harvested for hay or silage?

  • Yes
  • No

Q2. In 2021, how many harvest cuts for hay or silage were there for the following forage types?

If the number of cuts varied by field, please report the most common number of cuts.

Total number of harvest cuts in 2021

  1. Mostly grass (with less than 25% of legumes) Include brome grasses, wheatgrasses, ryegrasses, fescues, orchard grass and timothy.
  2. Mostly legumes (with less than 25% of grasses) Include alfalfa, clover, sainfoin, trefoil and vetches.
  3. Mixture of grass and legumes (approximately 50% each)

Q3. In 2021, what was the maturity stage of the grasses for the first cut of hay or silage from each forage type?

  • Mostly grasses

Q4. In 2021, what was the maturity stage of the legumes for the first cut of hay or silage from each forage type?

  • Mostly legumes
  • Mixture of grass and legumes

Q5. In 2021, were any forage crops grazed?

Include forage land used for hay, silage or seed, which is also grazed for part of the year.

Exclude pasture and cropland that is only used for grazing.

  • Yes
    How many [unit of measure] were grazed?
  • No

Q6. What time of the year in 2021, were these forage crops grazed?

Select all that apply.

  1. Winter
  2. Spring
  3. Summer
  4. Fall

Q7. Considering all cuts of forage crops in 2021, what area was harvested for each of the following?

Report the total area cut for each purpose.

Example 1: If there were two cuts of 40 acres for hay, please enter 80 for hay.

Example 2: If there was one cut of 40 acres for hay and a second cut of 40 acres for silage, report 40 in each answer space.

  1. Hay production
  2. Silage production
  3. Seed production
  4. Not harvested due to crop failure

Q8. In 2021, what percentage of the forage production was rained on between cutting and baling hay, or harvesting silage on this operation?

Exclude rain on bales standing in field.

  • None
  • Less than 10%
  • 10% to less than 20%
  • 20% to less than 40%
  • 40% or more

Q9. In 2021, what percentage of the cut hay or silage was left in the field due to spoilage that occurred before harvest could be completed?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5% to less than 10%
  • 10% to less than 25%
  • 25% or more

Q10. In 2021, what percentage of all hay or silage production from all grass, legumes or other forage crops, was or will be used for the following purposes?

Include hay or silage harvested by this operation.

Exclude hay or silage harvested by the operator to who it was sold.

  1. used on operation
  2. sold from operation

Q11. Over the past five years, which of the following statements best describes the strategy used to take samples to test the feed quality of hay or silage?

Choose the most common practice.

  • Samples were taken each year from different forage cuts or types
  • Samples were taken in most years for only forage cuts or types where quality was uncertain
  • Samples were taken occasionally, less than once a year
  • Hay or silage was never tested for feed quality
  • Other strategies
    Specify other strategies

Q12. During 2021, were forage crops on this operation irrigated?

Irrigation is defined as applying water to the soil to assist the growing of crops in dry areas during periods of inadequate rainfall, to prevent soil compaction or erosion, or to protect plants against frost.

  1. Mostly grasses
    Include brome grasses, wheatgrasses, ryegrasses, fescues, orchard grass and timothy.
  2. Mostly legumes
    Include alfalfa, clover, sainfoin, trefoil and vetches.
  3. Mixture of grass and legumes

Q13. Considering all hay production in 2021, which of the following harvesting methods were used?

Select all that apply.

  1. Dry tied hay bales
    e.g., round, square
  2. Dry net wrapped hay bales
    e.g., round
  3. Other harvesting methods
    Specify other harvesting methods

Q14. Is hay currently stored on this operation?

  • Yes
  • No

Q15. Is any of the stored hay covered by a roof, tarp or other impermeable material?

  • Yes
  • No

Q16. On average, how long does it take to use or sell all stored hay produced from a specific year?

  • Less than eight months
  • Eight months to one year
  • More than one year up to two years
  • More than two years

Q17. In 2021, was any of the stored hay not used for feed or sale due to spoilage?

  • Yes
  • No

Q18. Approximately what percentage of stored hay was spoiled?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5% to less than 10%
  • 10% to less than 25%
  • 25% percent or more

Q19. Is silage currently stored on this operation?

  • Yes
  • No

Q20. Considering all silage or haylage production in 2021, which of the following storage methods were used?

Select all that apply.

  1. Silage or haylage stored in sealed plastic
    e.g., bags, wraps, tubes
  2. Bulk silage stored in horizontal silo
    e.g., bunker, stack, trench, pit
  3. Bulk silage stored in vertical silo
    e.g., concrete, Harvestore
    Specify type of vertical silo
  4. Other silage storage methods
    Specify other silage storage methods

Q21. Which of the following practices are used to preserve silage quality or minimize seepage of silage juices?

Select all that apply.

  1. Compacted with heavy equipment
  2. Mixed forage with preservatives before stored in silo
  3. Added preservatives to the final surface of forage in silo
  4. Covered with membrane material
    e.g., tarp, plastic sheet
  5. Covered with a roof
  6. Used impermeable base
    e.g., concrete, clay
  7. Other practices
    Specify other practices

Q22. On average how long does it take to use or sell all stored silage produced from a specific year?

  • Less than eight months
  • Eight months to one year
  • More than one year up to two years
  • More than two years

Q23. In 2021, was any of the stored silage not used for feed or sale due to spoilage?

  • Yes
  • No

Q24. Approximately, what percentage of stored silage was spoiled?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5% to less than 10%
  • 10% to less than 25%
  • 25% or more

Harvest management (Vegetable, Fruit, Berry and Nut crops)

Q1. In 2021, which of the following methods were used to harvest [selected crop]?

Select all that apply.

  1. Mechanical or machine picked
  2. Hand-picked
    1. Hand-picked in a single pass
    2. Hand-picked in multiple passes

Q2. In 2021, was customer picking used to harvest [selected crop]?
e.g., U-pick or pick your own

  • Yes, all of hand-picked crop
  • Yes, some of hand-picked crop
  • No

Q3. In 2021, was all the harvestable [selected crop] harvested?

Do not consider culls left in the field as harvestable.

  • Yes
  • No

Q4. Was any part of this 2021 harvestable [selected] crop not harvested for any of the following reasons?

  1. Poor harvesting weather
  2. Lack of labor
  3. Lack of equipment
  4. Insufficient storage capacity
  5. Could not find a market
  6. Left crop in the field over winter for a spring market
  7. Other reason

Q5. Please specify the other reason the crop was not harvested.

Q6. Approximately, what percentage of the total harvestable [selected] crop was not harvested due to the reasons indicated in the previous question?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5% to less than 10%
  • 10% to less than 20%
  • 20% to less than 40%
  • 40% or more

Q7. Was any part of this 2021 harvested [selected] crop not sold for any of the following reasons?

Exclude culls generated during processing or packaging.

  • Yes
    1. Spoiled during storage on this operation
    2. Could not find a market
    3. Other reason
  • No

Q8. Specify the other reason why the crop was not sold.

Q9. Approximately, what percentage of the total harvested [selected] crop was not sold due to the reasons indicated in the previous question?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5% to less than 10%
  • 10% to less than 20%
  • 20% to less than 40%
  • 40% or more

Q10. Was any of the [selected] crop sold at a lower price than intended due to lower quality or reduced market grade?

  • Yes
  • No

Q11. What percentage was sold at a lower price?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5% to less than 10%
  • 10% to less than 20%
  • 20% to less than 40%
  • 40% or more

Q12. Was the [selected] crop processed on farm before it was sold?

Include peeling, dicing, freezing, drying, making jams, juices, etc.

Exclude cleaning, culling or packaging.

  • Yes
  • No

Q13. What percentage of the [selected] crop that was sold was processed on farm?

Q14. How were the processed [selected crop] sold?

  1. On farm
  2. To a retailer
  3. To a wholesaler
  4. To a processor

Q15. How were the unprocessed [selected crop] sold?

  1. On farm
  2. To a retailer
  3. To a wholesaler
  4. To a processor

Q16. In 2021, how was the organic waste associated with vegetable, fruit, berry or nut production managed?

Include:

  • organic waste collected and piled in field, piled at edge of field, or removed from field
  • processing wastes.

Exclude organic waste left in the field.

Select all that apply.

  1. Left in pile to naturally decompose
  2. Actively composted
    e.g., turned in piles or windrows with proper temperature, moisture and carbon: nitrogen ratio
  3. Burned
  4. Fed to livestock
  5. Applied to land
  6. Sold or given away
  7. Taken to a landfill
  8. Other
    Specify other method

Forage Establishment

Q1. Over the last five years, 2017 to 2021, were grasses, legumes or other forages seeded?

  • Yes
  • No

Q2. Which types of forage crops were seeded?

Select all that apply.

  1. Mostly grasses
    Include brome grasses, wheatgrasses, ryegrasses, fescues, orchard grass and timothy.
  2. Mostly legumes
    Include alfalfa, clover, sainfoin, trefoil and vetches.
  3. Mixture of grass and legumes

Q3. Were inoculated legume seeds used to enhance soil nitrogen fixation by bacteria?

  • Yes, always
  • Yes, some of the time
  • No

Q4. When did seeding of these forage crops occur?

Select all that apply.

  1. Spring
  2. Late summer
  3. Late fall
  4. Other
    Specify other time

Q5. Over the last five years, 2017 to 2021, which of the following practices were used to assist in establishing these forage crops, or preparing the soil prior to seeding?

Select all that apply.

  1. Removing rocks or stones
  2. Extra deep tillage or subsoiling
  3. Pre-seeding herbicides
  4. Post-seeding herbicides
  5. Other
    e.g., rodents, nematodes, insecticide
    Specify other pest control
  6. Reduced or no till seeding
    Include low disturbance direct seeding.
  7. Companion or nurse crops
    e.g., interseeding field crops with forages
  8. Other
    Specify other practices
    OR
  9. No practices used to establish forage crops or prepare the soil

Q6. Between October 2020 and September 2021, what area was seeded to these forage crops?

  • [unit of measure]
    OR
  • No crops were seeded during this time period

Q7. In the past five years, 2017 to 2021, were field crops ever grown on land that is currently in forage crops?

Field crops include cereals, oilseeds, pulses, etc.

  • Yes
  • No

Q8. Which of the following types of field crops were grown on these lands?

Select all that apply.

  1. Cereals
  2. Oilseeds
  3. Pulses
  4. Corn
  5. Other
    Specify other crop

Q9. How long was this land in field crop production before it was seeded to back to forage crop?

If this varies for different fields, please provide an average number of years.

  • One to two years
  • Three to five years
  • Six to 10 years
  • More than 10 years
  • Don't know

Forage Management & Termination

Q1. Over the last five years, 2017 to 2021, which of the following practices were used on established forages to restore or rejuvenate productivity?

Select all that apply.

  1. Herbicide weed or brush control
  2. Other pest control
    e.g., anti-rodents, anti-nematodes, insecticides
    Specify other pest control
  3. Deep spiking (greater than 4 inches or 10 cm) or ripping
    e.g., narrow subsoiler
  4. Shallow spiking (up to 4 inches or 10 cm)
    e.g., harrows
  5. Broadcast seeding with light soil disturbance
  6. No-till seeding
    Include sod seeding and low disturbance direct seeding.
  7. Other
    Specify other practice
    OR
  8. None of the above

Q2. In the last five years, 2017 to 2021, were established forages terminated or broken up?

  • Yes
  • No

Q3. For how many years were established forage stands in production before being terminated or broken up?

  • One to two years
  • Three to five years
  • Six to 10 years
  • More than 10 years
  • Don't know

Q4. What were the reasons for terminating or breaking up forage stands?

Select all that apply.

  1. Winter kill
  2. Severe weed infestation
  3. Build-up of sod
  4. Build-up of manure litter
    e.g., straw, sawdust
  5. Rodent or animal damage
  6. Convert forage land to field crop production
    e.g., cereals, oilseeds, pulses, corn
  7. Forage die back due to drought
  8. Forage die back due to flood
  9. Other
    Specify other reason
    OR
  10. None of the above

Nutrient management

Q1. Considering all land used for [field/forage] crop production on this operation, how often is the soil tested for nutrient content?

Include soil testing done on any land used for [field/forage] crop production, regardless of its location on this operation.

  • Every year
  • Every two to three years
  • Every four to five years
  • Every six years or more
  • Do not test soil

Q2. Between October 2020 and September 2021, were any of the following sources of nutrients applied to land where [field/forage] crops were grown?

Select all that apply.

  1. Liquid manure
    How many [unit of measure] received liquid manure?
    What was the total quantity of liquid manure applied to this area?
  2. Solid manure
    How many [unit of measure] received solid manure?
    Where did the applied solid manure come from?
    From animals on this operation
    From other operations
  3. Commercial Fertilizer (N-P-K)
    What quantity of commercial fertilizer (N-P-K) was applied to all [field/forage] crops?
  4. Compost
    Exclude manure.
  5. Biosolids
    e.g., municipal waste
  6. Other nutrients
    e.g., sulfur, boron, copper
    Please indicate which of the following were applied.

    Select all that apply.

    • Calcium
    • Magnesium
    • Sulfur
    • Boron
    • Chlorine
    • Copper
    • Iron
    • Manganese
    • Molybdenum
    • Zinc
      OR
    • Don't know
  7. Lime
  8. Other
    Specify other nutrient source
    OR
  9. None

Commercial fertilizer management

Q1. How often is commercial fertilizer applied to land where [selected crops] are grown?

Commercial fertilizer refers to a manufactured substance containing one or more plant nutrients and is used to promote plant growth.
e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, phosphate, potassium, potash, sulfur

  • Every year
  • Every two years
  • Every three years
  • Every four years or more

Q2. Between October 2020 and September 2021, what area of land where [selected crops] were grown received commercial fertilizer?

Commercial fertilizer refers to a manufactured substance containing one or more plant nutrients and is used to promote plant growth.
e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, phosphate, potassium, potash, sulfur

[unit of measure]

Q3. Between October 2020 and September 2021, which of the following products were applied to [selected crops]?

If a custom or common blend is used, select this option and do not select the specific products contained within the blend.

Include only the Nitrogen – Phosphate – Potash (NPK) ratio contained within the fertilizer blend. If an element (Nitrogen, Phosphate, or Potash) is not included within the blend, write "0" for that element.

Exclude ratios for other elements contained in your fertilizer (e.g., calcium, boron, etc.)

Note: The N-P-K ratio can be found on the product distributor's website or on the product packaging.

Select all that apply.

  1. Custom or common blends
    Indicate the Nitrogen - Phosphate - Potash (N-P-K) ratio for the custom or common blends
    1. N-P-K for blend 1
    2. N-P-K for blend 2
    3. N-P-K for blend 3
  2. Urea (46-0-0)
  3. Ammonia or Anhydrous Ammonia (82-0-0)
  4. Urea Ammonium Nitrate liquid (32-0-0 or 28-0-0)
  5. Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0-24)
  6. Ammonium Nitrate or Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (34-0-0)
  7. Monoammonium Phosphate (11-52-0)
  8. Diammonium Phosphate (18-45-0)
  9. Potash (0-0-60)
  10. Other product
    Indicate the name of the product and Nitrogren - Phosphate - Potash (N-P-K) ratio
    OR
  11. Don't know

Q4. Of the [number] [unit of measure] of forage crops which of the following received more commercial fertilizer?

  • Established forage stands
  • Newly seeded forages
    Consider fertilizer applied to land before, during and after seeding.

Q5. Considering all fertilizer applied to [established/newly seeded] [field crops/forage crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops], what percentage was applied during the following time periods?

  1. October to December 2020
  2. January to March 2021
  3. April to June 2021
  4. July to September 2021

Q6. Between October 2020 and September 2021, what percent of commercial fertilizer was applied to [field/vegetable] crops during the following time periods?

  1. In the fall of 2020
  2. In the spring of 2021 before seeding
  3. As part of the seeding operation in 2021
  4. After seeding in 2021

Q7. During the fall of 2020, what application method was used for commercial fertilizer?

Select all that apply.

  1. Banded or injected
  2. Surface broadcast followed by incorporation
  3. Surface broadcast with no incorporation
  4. Other
    Specify other application method

Q8. Before seeding in 2021, what application method was used for commercial fertilizer?

Select all that apply.

  1. Banded or injected
  2. Surface broadcast followed by incorporation
  3. Surface broadcast with no incorporation
  4. Other
    Specify other application method

Q9. In 2021, as part of the seeding operation for [field crops/forage crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] what application method was used for commercial fertilizer?

Select all that apply.

  1. Deposited in the soil with the seed in the same opener
  2. Subsurface application in a separate band away from the seed
  3. Surface broadcast or dribble
  4. Other
    Specify other application method

Q10. In 2021, what application method was used for commercial fertilizer applied after seeding?

Select all that apply.

  1. Surface broadcast over entire area
  2. Side dress or dribble band on top or beside crop row
  3. Foliar spray application
  4. Through irrigation system
    e.g., fertigation
  5. Other
    Specify other application method

Q11. Between October 2020 and September 2021, what application method was used for commercial fertilizer applied to [vegetable, fruit, berry or nut] crops?

Select all that apply.

  1. Side dress or dribble band on top or beside crop row
  2. Injected into the soil beside the row
  3. Foliar spray application
  4. Through irrigation system
    e.g., fertigation
  5. Surface broadcast over entire area
  6. Other
    Specify other application method

Q12. Between October 2020 and September 2021, were any controlled or slow-release fertilizer products used?

  • Yes
  • No

Liquid manure land application (Field crops)

Q1. How often is liquid manure tested for nutrient content?

  • Every year
  • Every two to three years
  • Every four to five years
  • Every six years or more
  • Do not test liquid manure

Q2. Thinking of all liquid manure spread on field crops between October 2020 and September 2021, what percentage of that manure was applied during each of the following time periods?

  1. October to December 2020
  2. January to March 2021
  3. April to June 2021
  4. July to September 2021

Q3. During the last five years, approximately how often was liquid manure applied to land used to grow field crops?

If frequency varied for different fields or crop types, select all that apply.

  1. At least once a year
  2. Once every two years
  3. Once every three years
  4. Less than once every three years
  5. Some cropland never received liquid manure

Q4. Which of the following methods were used to apply liquid manure to land used to grow field crops?

Report the most common practice for all field cropland where liquid manure was applied.

Select all that apply.

  1. Direct injection into the soil
  2. Narrow bands on soil surface, below crop canopy
    e.g., trailing hose, sleighfoot, sidedress
  3. Broadcast on surface and not worked into the soil
  4. Broadcast on surface and worked into the soil
    In general, when was this liquid manure worked into the soil?
    • Within four hours of application
    • Day of application, but more than four hours after application
    • One to two days after application
    • Three to five days after application
    • More than five days after application

Liquid manure land application (Forage crops)

Q1. How often is liquid manure tested for nutrient content?

  • Every year
  • Every two to three years
  • Every four to five years
  • Every six years or more
  • Do not test liquid manure

Q2. Thinking of all liquid manure spread on forage land between October 2020 and September 2021, what percentage of that manure was applied during each of the following time periods?

  1. October to December 2020
  2. January to March 2021
  3. April to June 2021
  4. July to September 2021

Q3. During the last five years, approximately how often was liquid manure applied to land used to grow forage crops?

If this varies for different fields or forage types, select all that apply.

  1. At least once a year
  2. Once every two years
  3. Once every three years
  4. Less than once every three years
  5. Some forage land never received liquid manure

Q4. Between October 2020 and September 2021, which of the following received more liquid manure?

  • Established forage stands
  • Land prior to seeding a new forage stand

Q5. Which of the following methods were used to apply liquid manure to [established forage stands/land prior to seeding forage crops]?

Select all that apply.

  1. Direct injection into the soil
  2. Narrow bands on soil surface, below crop canopy
    e.g., trailing hose, sleighfoot, sidedress
  3. Broadcast on surface and not worked into the soil
  4. Broadcast on surface and worked into the soil
    In general, when was this liquid manure worked into the soil?
    • Within four hours of application
    • Day of application, but more than four hours after application
    • One to two days after application
    • Three to five days after application
    • More than five days after application

Solid manure land application (Field crops)

Q1. How often is solid manure tested for nutrient content?

  • Every year
  • Every two to three years
  • Every four to five years
  • Every six years or more
  • Do not test solid manure

Q2. Thinking of all solid manure spread on field crops between October 2020 and September 2021, what percent of that manure was applied during the following time periods?

  1. October to December 2020
  2. January to March 2021
  3. April to June 2021
  4. July to September 2021

Q3. Which of the following methods were used to apply solid manure to land used to grow field crops?

Select all that apply.

  1. Broadcast on surface and not worked into the soil
  2. Broadcast on surface and worked into the soil
    In general, when was this solid manure worked into the soil?
    • Within four hours of application
    • Day of application, but more than four hours after application
    • One to two days after application
    • Three to five days after application
    • More than five days after application

Q4. During the last five years, approximately how often was solid manure applied to land used to grow field crops?

If frequency varied for different fields or crop types, select all that apply.

  1. At least once a year
  2. Once every two years
  3. Once every three years
  4. Less than once every three years
  5. Some field crops never receive solid manure

Solid manure land application (Forage crops)

Q1. How often is solid manure tested for nutrient content?

  • Every year
  • Every two to three years
  • Every four to five years
  • Every six years or more
  • Do not test solid manure

Q2. Thinking of all solid manure spread on forage land between October 2020 and September 2021, what percentage of that manure was applied during each of the following time periods?

  1. October to December 2020
  2. January to March 2021
  3. April to June 2021
  4. July to September 2021

Q3. During the last five years, approximately how often was solid manure applied to land used to grow forage crops?

If this varies for different fields or forage types, select all that apply.

  1. At least once a year
  2. Once every two years
  3. Once every three years
  4. Less than once every three years
  5. Some forage land never receives solid manure

Q4. Between October 2020 and September 2021, was solid manure applied to land prior to seeding forage crops?

  • Yes
  • No

Q5. In general, when was this solid manure worked into the soil?

  • Within four hours of application
  • Day of application, but more than four hours after application
  • One to two days after application
  • Three to five days after application
  • More than five days after application
  • Not worked into the soil

Pest management

Q1. In 2021, were any of the following inputs applied to [selected crops]?

Include inputs from treated seeds or applied using a sprayer, granular applicator, or other application method.

Yes / No

  1. Herbicides
  2. Insecticides
  3. Fungicides
  4. Biopesticides
    e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, soaps, vinegar and other organic substances and minerals used as natural deterrent. Can act as an herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, or any type of pesticide.
  5. Other types of pesticides
    e.g., nematicides, rodenticides, bactericides

Q2. Specify the biopesticides' product name that were applied to [selected crops].

Q3. Specify the other pesticides' product name that were applied to [selected crops].

Q4. In 2021, how many applications of the following were used on the [selected crops]?

Biopesticides can also be any other type of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, etc.).

Fill biopesticides information separately and do not include it in other categories.

Exclude inputs from treated seeds.

Number of applications

Area of [selected crops] receiving input in [unit of measure]

  1. Herbicides
  2. Insecticides
  3. Fungicides
  4. Biopesticides
    e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, soaps, vinegar and other organic substances and minerals used as natural deterrent. Can act as an herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, or any type of pesticide.
  5. Other types of pesticides

Q5. In 2021, were any of the following inputs applied to [secondary crops]?

Include inputs from treated seeds or applied using a sprayer, granular applicator, or other application method.

  1. Herbicides
  2. Insecticides
  3. Fungicides
  4. Biopesticides
    e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, soaps, vinegar and other organic substances and minerals used as natural deterrent. Can act as an herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, or any type of pesticide.
  5. Other types of pesticides
    e.g., nematicides, rodenticides, bactericides

Q6. Specify the biopesticides' product name that were applied to [secondary crops].

Q7. Specify the other type of pesticides' product name that were applied to [secondary crops].

Q8. In 2021, how many applications of the following were used on the [secondary crops]?

Biopesticides can also be any other type of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, etc.).

Fill biopesticides information separately and do not include it in other categories.

Exclude inputs from treated seeds.

Number of applications

Area of [secondary crops] receiving input in [unit of measure]

  1. Herbicides
  2. Insecticides
  3. Fungicides
  4. Biopesticides
    e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, soaps, vinegar and other organic substances and minerals used as natural deterrent. Can act as an herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, or any type of pesticide.
  5. Other types of pesticides

The following questions are about the inputs used for all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry or nut crops] grown on this operation in 2021.

Q9. In 2021, who applied the inputs to [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] on this operation?

Select all that apply.

  1. A certified or licenced person working on this operation
  2. An uncertified or unlicenced person working on this operation
  3. A custom applicator or contractor

Q10. In 2021, what percentage of the input applications were done by each of the following?

  1. A certified or licenced person working on this operation
  2. An uncertified or unlicenced person working on this operation
  3. A custom applicator or contractor

Q11. In 2021, was a sprayer used to apply the inputs?

  • Yes
  • No

Q12. In 2021, was the sprayer used to apply the inputs calibrated?

  • Yes
  • No

Q13. In 2021, how frequently was the sprayer calibrated?

Select all that apply.

  1. Before the first application of the season
  2. Before every use
  3. After maintenance or repairs
  4. Between applications of different types of inputs
  5. Other
    Specify other frequency

Q14. In 2021, were any of the following methods used to control spray drift from the inputs?

Select all that apply.

  1. Applied inputs only when winds are below recommended thresholds for application
  2. Used low drift nozzles
  3. Used shrouded booms or low boom applicators
  4. Added anti-drift agents or chemicals to the inputs
  5. Left buffer zones untreated
  6. Other
    Specify other method
    OR
  7. No methods used to control spray drifts

Q15. In 2021, were any of the following methods used to improve the efficiency or effectiveness of input application?

Select all that apply.

  1. Applied different inputs to control the same pest at different times to the same field
  2. Mixed different inputs in the sprayer tank
  3. Used adjuvants or other additives
  4. Targeted applications to only parts of field as required
  5. Used sectional or individual nozzle shutoffs to minimize overlap
  6. Other
    Specify other method
    OR
  7. No methods used to improve the effectiveness of input application

Q16. In 2021, were any of the following methods used to control weeds, insects, diseases or other pests?

Select all that apply.

  1. Rotated crops
    1. What percentage of all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] had their crops rotated?
  2. Removed diseased plants, pruning residues or culls
    1. What percentage of all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] had their diseased plants, pruning residues or culls removed?
  3. Incorporated diseased plants, pruning residues or culls into the soil
    1. What percentage of all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] had their diseased plants, pruning residues or culls incorporated in the soil?
  4. Used fall planted species
    e.g., winter wheat, fall rye
    1. What percentage of all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] used fall planted species?
  5. Used tillage implements
    1. What percentage of all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] used tillage implements?
  6. Mowed
    1. What percentage of all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] were mowed to control pests and weeds?
  7. Weeded or hoed by hand
    1. What percentage of all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] weeded or hoed by hand?
  8. Used lure or trap crops
    A plant that attracts agricultural pests, usually insects, away from the main crop located nearby
    1. What percentage of all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] had lure of trap crops used close to them?
  9. Other
    Specify method to control weeds, insects, diseases or other pests
    1. What percentage of all [field crops/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut crops] received this other method?
    OR
  10. Not applicable

Q17. Do you apply any National Farm-Level Producer Biosecurity Crop Standards?

Biosecurity includes practices to prevent, minimize and control pests for croplands, which include insects, nematodes, weeds, mollusks, bacteria, fungi and viruses.

  • Yes
  • No

Q18. What is the main factor preventing this operation from implementing [some or more] biosecurity practices?

Biosecurity includes practices to prevent, minimize and control pests for croplands, which include insects, nematodes, weeds, mollusks, bacteria, fungi and viruses.

  • The biosecurity practices in place are good enough to face the threats to the operation
  • Not sure where to get the information
  • Don't know how to implement them
  • Don't think there is a significant risk for the operation
  • Lack of time
  • Lack of labour
  • Lack of financial resources
  • Other
    Please specify other reason

Land management

Q1. In 2021, were companion crops used on this operation?
Include intercropping where both are seeded at the same time, as well as relay cropping where the second crop is seeded later between the rows of an existing crop.
Companion crops are two different crops grown at the same time on the same land.

  • Yes
    Indicate the area of companion crops
  • No

Q2. In 2021, were fall or winter cover crops used on this operation?

Include fall seeded crops that are grazed or harvested for forage in the spring prior to reseeding.

Exclude fall seeded crops that are harvested for grain,
e.g., fall rye or winter wheat.

Cover crop is a crop, such as red clover, fall rye, etc., used to protect the soil from water and wind erosion between cash crops. Cover crops may increase soil nutrient levels and soil tilth.

  • Yes
    Indicate the area of fall or winter cover crops
    • area harvested for forage
    • area not harvested, crop biomass incorporated into soil
  • No

Q3. In 2021, were green manure crops used on this operation?

Green manure crops are crops seeded in spring or early summer, whose growth is terminated before maturity, with all crop biomass incorporated into the soil.

  • Yes
    Indicate the area of green manure crops
  • No

Q4. Was a field margin left around the croplands on this operation?

An edge or field margin is the unused area between the exterior boundary of planted crop and the field boundary.

  • Yes
    What was the average width of the field margin?
  • No

Q5. Over the last five years, 2017 to 2021, which of the following land management improvements were implemented or installed on this operation?

Select all that apply.

  1. Placed eroded soil back on hilltops
  2. Terraces, contour or across slope cropping
  3. Field shelterbelts or windbreaks
  4. Surface drainage
    e.g., ditches, waterways
  5. Sub-surface drainage
    e.g., tiles
  6. Other
    Specify other improvements
    OR
  7. None of these improvements were made

Q6. In 2021, were GPS equipment or products used on this operation?

  • Yes
  • No

Q7. For which of the following activities were GPS equipment or products used?

Select all that apply.

  1. As a tracking or guidance system
    e.g., autosteer
  2. To generate yield maps from a combine yield monitor
  3. To target or vary fertilizer application rates across a field
    1. What percentage of [selected crop] cropland used by this operation received varied fertilizer application across the field?
  4. To target or vary pesticide application rates across a field
    1. What percentage of [selected crop] cropland used by this operation received varied pesticide application across the field?
  5. To target or vary application rates of other crop inputs
    e.g., seed, pesticides, manure
    Specify which crop inputs were applied
  6. To design improved drainage of land
  7. To enhance record keeping by georeferencing the location of specific field operations or features
  8. With drones to automatically monitor and map field observations
  9. Other
    Specify other activities

Q8. Which of the following field operations were completed using GPS tracking or guidance systems (e.g., autosteer)?

Select all that apply.

  1. Tillage
  2. Seeding
  3. Fertilizing
  4. Manure application
  5. Spraying
  6. Swathing
  7. Combining
  8. Forage harvesting
  9. Other
    Specify other use of tracking or guidance systems

Wetlands management

Q1. In 2021, were any of the following wetlands or waterways on or adjacent to [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] crops on this operation?

  • Yes
    1. Seasonal wetland
      Water is usually present until mid-summer or early fall.
      e.g., ponds, sloughs, marshes, treed swamps
    2. Permanent wetland
      Water is usually present year round.
      e.g., lakes, reservoirs, dugouts
    3. Waterways
      Channels that contain flowing water year round, or part of the year.
      e.g., drainage ditches, streams, creeks, irrigation canals
  • No

Q2. In the past five years, were any wetlands drained to increase the land available for [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] crop production?

  • Yes
  • No

Q3. How many [unit of measure] were made available for [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] crop production?

Q4. In the past five years, were any previously drained wetlands plugged or dyked to restore the land to its natural condition?

Include only wetlands adjacent to [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] cropland.

  • Yes
  • No

Q5. How many [unit of measure] of [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] cropland were restored to natural wetland?

Q6. In 2021, what was the approximate length of shoreline on or adjacent to [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] cropland on this operation?

A shoreline is the line along which a body of water (e.g., stream, marsh, pond, ditch) meets the land.

If a stream or ditch cuts through your land, include both sides.

Q7. In 2021, was a buffer maintained between any permanent wetlands or waterways and [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] cropland on this operation?

A buffer refers to an area of planted or natural vegetation that is beside a permanent wetland or waterway, extending from the shoreline to the edge of a field.

  • Yes
    Approximately what percentage of shoreline adjacent to [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] cropland had a buffer?
  • No

Q8. Which of the following best describes the vegetation in the buffer?

  • Mostly grasses or legumes
  • Mostly trees or shrubs
  • A mixture of grasses or legumes, with trees or shrubs
  • Other
    Specify other vegetation

Q9. In 2021, what was the average width of the buffer?

  • Less than three meters / less than 10 feet
  • Three to less than seven meters / 10 to less than 20 feet
  • Seven to less than 12 meters / 20 to less than 40 feet
  • Twelve to less than 24 meters / 40 to less than 80 feet
  • More than 24 meters / more than 80 feet

Q10. In 2021, what percentage of the buffer area was harvested for

  1. forage
  2. wood products
  3. not harvested

Q11. In 2021, were any of the following crop inputs applied to the buffer?

  1. Fertilizer
  2. Manure
  3. Pesticides

Management style and innovation

Q1. In the last five years, 2017 to 2021, were any of the following used to manage staff requirements?

Select all that apply.

  • Adopted improved technology with lower staff requirements
  • Existing staff worked overtime
  • Temporary Foreign Workers program
  • Employee training and certification programs
  • Restructured farm operation to reduce or eliminate certain types of farm functions
    e.g., grew less feed and purchased more
  • Other
    Specify other method
    OR
  • Not applicable

Q2. In 2021, were custom operators used to perform farm work on this operation related to [livestock/crop] production?

  • Yes
  • No

Q3. In 2021, which of the following tasks were performed by a custom operator?

Select all that apply.

  • Cleanout of manure from barn or corral
  • Manure application or transport off farm
  • Fertilizer application
  • Crop or forage seeding
  • Crop spraying
  • Crop or forage harvesting
  • Crop or forage transport
  • Custom feeding or grazing animals on another operation
  • Processing feed grown on this operation for [birds/animals] on this operation
  • Carcass disposal
  • Catching and moving poultry (off farm or to another barn)
  • Application of bedding or litter
  • Washing or disinfection of barn or pens
  • Custom feeding of [birds/animals] on another operation
  • Manure application
  • Fertilizer application
  • Tillage
  • [Crop/forage] seeding
  • [Crop/forage] spraying
  • [Crop/forage] harvesting
  • [Crop/forage] transport
  • Seeding or planting
  • Fertilizer application
  • Manure or compost application
  • Pesticide application
  • Crop harvesting
  • Crop transport
  • Other
    Specify other tasks

Q4. In 2021, which of the following activities used computer technology to enhance or improve this operation's [livestock/crop] production?

Select all that apply.

  • Recording [animal health] and production data
  • Other data collection
    e.g., [livestock] video surveillance, field data collection using GPS or drones, barn air quality, feed or water consumption
    Specify other data collection
  • Controlling farm equipment
    e.g., [robotics, GPS controlled field operations, barn ventilation or lighting, feed delivery]
    Specify farm equipment
  • Recording [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] crop production data
  • Use of specialized software for improved data analysis and information processing
    Specify software
  • Other functions to enhance [livestock/crop] production
    Specify other functions
    OR
  • No computer based technology was used

The following questions concern innovation on this operation.

Innovation is the adoption of new or significantly improved products, processes or business practices on this operation. Innovations must be new to this operation but need not be new to the industry.

Q5. In the last three years, 2019 to 2021, did this operation produce any new or significantly improved crop products?
e.g., new crop varieties, cultivars, hybrids, enhanced product characteristics

  • Yes
  • No

Q6. Was this a [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] crop product?

  • Yes
  • No

Q7. Briefly describe the most important new or significantly improved [field/forage/vegetable, fruit, berry and nut] crop product that has been produced over the last three years.

  • Product

Q8. In the last three years, 2019 to 2021, did this operation produce any new or significantly improved livestock or poultry products?
e.g., type or breed raised, improved quality traits or grade, enhanced product characteristics

  • Yes
  • No

Q9. Was this a [poultry/livestock] product?

  • Yes
  • No

Q10. Briefly describe the most important new or significantly improved [poultry/livestock] product that has been produced over the last three years.

  • Description of product

Q11. In the last three years, 2019 to 2021, did this operation implement any new or significantly improved production practices?

Include:

  • feed management, animal housing, manure storage and treatment, livestock handling, grazing, biosecurity, other animal health and productivity practices
  • seeding or planting, rotations, fertilizer or manure application, pest management, irrigation, harvesting, crop storage, using GPS technology, other soil, land, or crop improvement practices
  • water management, organic farming, halal and other production practices.
  • Yes
  • No

Q12. Was this production practice related to [livestock/crop] production?

  • Yes
  • No

Q13. Briefly describe the most important new or significantly improved [livestock/crop] production practice that has been implemented over the last three years.

  • Description of product

Q14. In the last three years, 2019 to 2021, did this operation implement any new or significantly improved approaches to marketing?
e.g., types of contracts, futures or options, direct marketing

  • Yes
  • No

Q15. In the last three years, 2019 to 2021, did this operation implement any new or significantly improved business management practices?
e.g., approaches to labour requirements, business ownership / partnerships, acquiring inputs, new processing activities, financial processes, management improvements

  • Yes
  • No

Q16. Briefly describe the most important new or significantly improved business management practice, that has been implemented over the last three years.

  • Description of the practice

Q17. In the last three years, 2019 to 2021, how important were the following activities when deciding to try something new on this operation?

  1. Obtaining advice and information from fellow farmers based on their experiences
  2. Attending demonstration farms and field days to observe the innovation implemented
  3. Attending workshops, seminars, meetings, conferences
  4. Obtaining information from input companies
    e.g., seed and feed dealers
  5. Seeking information from independent consultants
  6. Seeking information from regional specialist / extension officers
  7. Reading detailed technical and financial information
  8. Relying on own experiences
  9. Participating in producer associations

Q18. In the last three years, 2019 to 2021, how important were the following factors when deciding to try something new on this operation?

  1. Cost reduction or increase in production
  2. Increase in value of product
    e.g., superior quality, attributes or novel products
  3. Environmental benefits
  4. Benefits for work / family balance
  5. Level of financial risk of the innovation compared to current practice
  6. Access to financial resources to implement the innovation
    e.g., loans, venture capital, other financing
  7. Availability of information to assess the value of the innovation for your farm
  8. Available time
  9. Technical expertise to implement the innovation
  10. Labour requirement
  11. Worker safety

Q19. When it comes to the introduction of new or significantly improved products, processes, or practices does this operation tend to

  • be among the first to try something new
  • wait until at least a few others have tried it first
  • wait until it has been well tested
  • be among the last to try something new

Q20. In the last three years, 2019 to 2021,were any new or significantly improved products, production processes, or business management practices related to [livestock/crop] production considered but not implemented?

  • Yes
  • No

Q21. Briefly describe the most important new or significantly improved product, production process, or business management practice that was considered but not implemented.

  • Description

Environmental farm plan

Q1. Does this operation have a formal, written environmental farm plan?

  • Yes, plan is developed
  • Yes, plan is in development and being reviewed
  • No

Q2. What are the reasons why no environmental farm plan was created?

Select all that apply.

  • Too complicated
  • Too time consuming
  • Lack of information
  • Already participating in other environmental initiatives
    Please specify the other environmental plan
  • Concerned with data privacy and enforcement issues
  • Other
    Please specify the other reason

Q3. When was this environmental farm plan developed or last updated?

  • Less than two years ago
  • Two to less than five years ago
  • Five to less than 10 years ago
  • Ten or more years ago

Q4. To what extent were the practices identified in the action plan of your environmental farm plan implemented on your operation?

  • Practices fully implemented
  • Practices partially implemented
  • Practices not implemented

Q5. What is the main reason that you have not fully implemented practices in the action plan of your environmental farm plan?

  • Economic pressures
  • Lack of time
  • Lack of information
  • Don't accept recommendations
  • Other
    Please specify the other reason
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