Section R: Manufactures

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John A. Sawyer, University of Toronto

General Statistics for Manufacturing Industries (Series R1-489)

General Statistics (Series R1-489)

Indexes of Real Domestic Product for Manufacturing (Series R490-513)

Gross Fixed Capital Formation (Series R514-620)

Quantity and Value of Shipments of Selected Manufactured Commodities (Series R621-770)

Size of Manufacturing Establishments (Series R771-825)

This section updates the official statistics on manufactures for 1870 to 1959 presented in the first edition of Historical Statistics of Canada. Apart from minor revision to some series for the years 1952 to 1959, no revisions have been made to the statistics from 1870 to 1959. The descriptions of the statistics for this period have been reproduced without change from the description in the first edition written by Arthur J.R. Smith.

The principal changes in the concepts and definitions of statistics on manufactures since the publication of the first edition result from two revisions to the Standard Industrial Classification, the first in 1960 and the second in 1970. These changes are explained below. The 1960 revision resulted in a major discontinuity in some of the statistics. An overlap is provided to help users bridge the gap.

The statistics in the tables on manufactures fall into seven main groups: (1) series Rl-161 contain selected principal statistics for manufacturing industries as a whole for Canada and the provinces; (2) series R162-489 contain the same principal statistics for each of the 20 major groups within manufacturing; (3) series R490-513 contain indexes of real domestic product for manufacturing by major groups; (4) series R514-620 contain statistics on gross fixed capital formation for manufacturing by major groups; (5) series R621-770 contain data on the quantity and value of shipments of selected manufactured commodities; (6) series R771-794 are on the number of manufacturing establishments and value of shipments by size of establishment, measured by value of shipments; and (7) series R795-825 are on the number of manufacturing establishments and number of employees by size of establishment, measured by number of employees.

Other series in this volume which relate to manufacturing activity are: (1) series F286-294: indexes of labour productivity and unit labour costs in manufacturing, 1946 to 1976. As yet these series are not available for major groups within manufacturing. (2) Series K68-107: industry selling price indexes by industry group, 1956 to 1975. Although not designed for this purpose, if the user wishes to express the gross value of production or shipments of manufacturers by industry in constant dollars, these price indexes are the best available deflators. (3) Although separate figures are not given for capital stocks, the reader interested in this statistic is referred to the description of series F183-220. Detail on stocks for manufacturing industries can be found in Fixed Capital Flows and Stocks, (Catalogue 13-211). (4) Series F222 and 224: year-end book value of inventories in total manufacturing, in current and constant dollars, 1925 to 1975.

The original edition of Historical Statistics of Canada included an appendix prepared by G.K. Bertram on selected general statistics for primary and secondary manufacturing by major groups, for 1870 to 1959. Resources were not available to update these series. Readers interested in this classification, which was originally introduced in D.H. Fullerton and H.A. Hampson, Canadian Secondary Manufacturing Industry, Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects (Hull: Queen's Printer, 1957), might be interested in knowing that two alternative classifications have been suggested. The first is in an unpublished note by Professor J.H. Dales, "A Suggested Definition of Primary Manufacturing" (1962). The second is in an unpublished note by the Central Classification Division of Statistics Canada, "Primary and Secondary Manufacturing in Canada" (1964).

The data on which all the series in this section are based were collected officially. For the most part, since 1917, the data were collected by Statistics Canada (formerly the Dominion Bureau of Statistics) in its annual census of manufactures; before 1917 they came from the census of manufactures taken with the decennial census or in special postal censuses. The data on fixed capital formation for 1926 to 1945 were obtained from tabulations prepared by the Department of National Revenue from income tax returns and those for 1946 to 1975 are based on returns to questionnaires obtained by Statistics Canada on capital formation. In general, since the inception of the annual census of manufactures in 1917, the quality of the basic material has improved as experience was gained in the formulation of questionnaires, as better coverage of establishments was obtained, and as the performance of respondents improved. The editing and tabulation of the data were also done officially, mostly by Statistics Canada and the earlier official bodies responsible for the censuses.

The statistics in this chapter from 1960 onward, and in many cases also for the earlier years, were prepared by personnel of Statistics Canada in the specific form they are presented here. For finer industry detail, the reader is referred to the individual industry publications of the census of manufactures.

The published sources of data given in this section are publications of Statistics Canada, decennial census offices, or the Department of Trade and Commerce. Publications of Statistics Canada used as sources are: Manufacturing Industries of Canada: National and Provincial Areas, (Catalogue 31-203), from 1972 onward; General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, Vol. I, Industries by Province, (Catalogue 31-203), from 1969 to 1971; General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, (Catalogue 31-201), from 1949 to 1961; Manufacturing Industries of Canada, Section A, (Catalogue 31-203), from 1949 to 1968; Manufacturing Industries of Canada: Atlantic Provinces, (Catalogue 31-204); Quebec, (Catalogue 31-205); Ontario, (Catalogue 31-206); Prairie Provinces, (Catalogue 31-207); British Columbia, Yukon and Northwest Territories, (Catalogue 31-208), from 1949 to 1971 (designated respectively as Sections B to F from 1949 to 1968); The Manufacturing Industries of Canada, from 1930 to 1948; Canada Year Book, (Catalogue 11-202), for statistics prior to 1930; Manufacturing Industries of Canada: Type of Organization and Size of Establishment, (Catalogue 31-210); Products Shipped by Canadian Manufacturers, (Catalogue 31-211); The Quantity of Manufacturing Production in Canada, 1923-1929, (1932); Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1971-1976 (1971 = 100), (Catalogue 61-213), 1968 to 1970; Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1974 Supplement (1961 = 100), (Catalogue 61-005), 1961 to 1967; Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1961-1969, (1961 = 100), (Catalogue 61-510), 1919 to 1960; Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry - (1961 Base), (Catalogue 61-506); Revised Index of Industrial Production, 1935-1957, (Catalogue 61-502); Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry of Origin, 1935-1961, (Catalogue 61-505); Canadian Statistical Review, (Catalogue 11-003), monthly since January 1948, (formerly Monthly Review of Business Statistics,) 1926 to 1947; Private and Public Investment in Canada, Outlook, (Catalogue 61-205); Private and Public Investment in Canada, 1946-1957, (1959).

Publications of the census office are: Department of Agriculture, Census Branch, Census of Canada, 1870-71, Vol. III, (Ottawa, I.B. Taylor, 1875); Department of Agriculture, Census Branch, Census of Canada, 1880-81, Vol. III, (Ottawa, Maclean, Roger and Co., 1883); Department of Agriculture, Census Branch, Census of Canada, 1890-91, Vol. III, (Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1894); The Census Office, Fourth Census of Canada, 1901, Vol. III, Manufactures, (Ottawa, King's Printer, 1905); Department of Agriculture, Census and Statistics Office, Postal Census of Manufactures, 1906, (Ottawa, King's Printer, 1907); Department of Trade and Commerce, The Census Office, Fifth Census of Canada, Vol. III, (Ottawa, King's Printer, 1913); Department of Trade and Commerce, Census and Statistics Office, Postal Census of Manufacturers, 1916, (Ottawa, King's Printer, 1917); Department of Trade and Commerce, Private and Public Investment in Canada, 1926-1951, (Ottawa, 1951).

The tables are available as comma separated value files (csv). They may be viewed using a variety of software. You may have to create an association between your software application and the csv files. The pdf files should be used to verify table formats. For example, footnotes appear in a column to the right of the cell they reference in the csv files; while in the pdf files footnotes appear as superscript numbers.

General Statistics for Manufacturing Industries (Series R1-489)

The census of manufactures is an annual mail survey. The reporting unit for the census is designated as the establishment and a return is requested from every establishment classified to a manufacturing industry. Although respondents are required to submit reports covering the calendar year, financial year reports for other than the calendar year are accepted in instances where respondents find it impossible to supply calendar year data from accounting records. When an establishment is operated for only part of a year, a report is required covering the period of operation.

There are four different questionnaires used in the census: (a) short form, (b) long form, (c) head office questionnaire, and (d) commodity questionnaire. The short and long forms are used to obtain principal statistics and commodities shipped from establishments classified to manufacturing industries. The short form is a single-sheet questionnaire sent to small manufacturers and does not contain commodity questions. The cutoff for the short form varies according to the industry and the province. The head office questionnaire is generally used for company head offices and ancillary units separately located from manufacturing establishments. The commodity questionnaire is used to survey certain establishments which are coded (on the basis of their principal activity) to industries other than manufacturing in the Standard Industrial Classification, but which undertake some manufacturing as a subsidiary activity. This single-sheet questionnaire is designed to collect information on the quantity and value of goods of own manufacture shipped by such establishments in order to increase coverage of specified manufactured commodities.

The concepts and definitions used for statistics on manufactures have changed over time as concepts were clarified and as the requirement developed for statistics which cover the entire economy as evidenced, for example, by input-output tables. This evolution is reflected in the 1960 and 1970 revisions to the 1948 Standard Industrial Classification. The definitions and concepts in present use will first be discussed and then the earlier treatment compared to present practice. In this way the user can become aware of discontinuities in some of the series. It should be pointed out that in some cases the classification revisions made it impossible to construct continuous series even if resources had been available to do so. The reader is referred to Statistics Canada, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Revised 1970, (Catalogue 12-501), pp. 7-14 for a general discussion of the principles of industrial classification.

A manufacturing establishment is typically a factory, mill, or plant principally engaged in manufacturing activities. The majority of such establishments are firms but many firms have more than one establishment. Such firms are requested to submit a separate census of manufactures report for each manufacturing establishment which can meet the reporting requirements embodied in the following definition. An establishment is:

The smallest unit which is a separate operating entity capable of reporting the following principal statistics:

materials and supplies used,
goods purchased for resale as such,
fuel and power consumed,
number of employees and salaries and wages,
man-hours worked and paid,
inventories,
shipments or sales.

Each establishment receiving a long form is required to report on the total economic activity (as indicated by the above items) carried out within its accounting boundaries and to report separately data on manufacturing, trading in goods not of own manufacture, construction by its own labour force for its own use, and revenue from services. It should be noted that the statistics for separate activities are not completely consistent since some respondents cannot distinguish in their records, materials, shipments and inventories relating solely to their own manufacturing activities. For example, inventory of goods purchased for resale may not be distinguishable from inventory of own manufactured goods. Complete consistency, therefore, can be obtained only at the "all operations" (total activity) level and for studies or statistical measures requiring accurate co-ordinated data, the 'total' statistics should be used.

All head offices and auxiliary units classified to the manufacturing industries, such as sales offices, administrative offices, warehouses, and laboratories, are surveyed as part of the census of manufactures. These head offices and auxiliary units are either included in an establishment report or are surveyed by means of the head office questionnaire. The former is the most common case where a single establishment firm has its executive personnel, sales office, etc., located at the site of the manufacturing establishment. The special head office questionnaire is generally used where a firm, regardless of the number of establishments, has separately located offices or ancillary units. Such offices or units do not constitute establishments because they do not report the full range of industry statistics. They do not normally generate operational revenues, but give rise only to costs of operations (mainly salaries and wages). Although not considered as establishments, and hence not included in the 'establishment' count for an industry, their operational costs are reflected in the industry statistics for the industry accounting for the largest part of the company's value added by total activity or to the industry with which the head office, sales office or auxiliary unit has a definite association.

Beginning with the 1960 census of manufactures three major changes took place, although it was not until the tabulation of the 1961 Census that the changes were fully implemented. The changes were: (1) the classification of establishments to industries according to the 1960 Standard Industrial Classification instead of the 1948 classification, (2) the use of the new definition of the establishment given above, and (3) the collection and tabulation of statistics relating to the total activity of manufacturing establishments instead of only their manufacturing activity. Thus, the use of the establishment as the basic reporting unit enabled two types of statistics to be tabulated from 1961 onward: (1) manufacturing activity of manufacturing establishments and (2) total activity of manufacturing establishments. Columns 2-7 of the tables containing series Rl-489 refer to manufacturing activity while the last three columns refer to total activity conducted in such establishments.

The introduction of the new establishment concept also resulted in some changes in the data on the manufacturing activity of manufacturing establishments. It was possible to retabulate the data on manufacturing activity collected in the 1957 to 1959 censuses according to the new concept and according to the new classification of establishments. Hence for the three years 1957 to 1959 statistics for manufacturing activity exist on three bases: (1) the old definition of an establishment using the 1948 Standard Industrial Classification, (2) the old definition of an establishment using the 1960 S.I.C., and (3) the new definition of an establishment using the 1960 S.I.C. The figures for 1957 to 1971 shown in the upper part of the following tables for series Rl-489 are on the third basis, while those for 1959 and earlier years shown in the lower part of the tables are on the first basis. (As is explained below, the most recent years are based on the 1970 S.I.C.)

The figures on census value added may help the reader to appreciate the magnitude of the changes at the total manufacturing level:

	1957	1958	1959	1960	1961	1962
	(millions of dollars)
Census value added calculated according to:
1) 1948 S.I.C., old establishment concept per cent change	9,822	9,793 (-0.3)	10,321
2) 1960 S.I.C., old establishment concept	9,702	9,858	10,306	10,533
3) 1960 S.I.C., new establishment concept per cent change		9,454	10,154 (7.4)	10,371 (2.1)	10,682 (3.0)
4) 1960 S.I.C., new establishment concept
a) manufacturing activity (revised data)					10,435	11,430
b) total activity per cent change					10,932	11,987 (9.6)

A continuous index (1961=100) of total activity value added can be roughly estimated from the percentage changes shown above. For comparison an index of gross domestic product at factor cost is given below:

	1957	1958	1959	1960	1961	1962
5) Chained census value added	88.8	88.5	95.1	97.1	100.0	109.6
6) Gross domestic product at factor cost	85.0	87.9	92.8	96.6	100.0	108.4

Sources:

Lines 1 and 2, General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada (31-201), 1960, p. 29.

Line 3, General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada (31-201), 1961, p. 14.

Lines 4(a) and 4(b) General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada (31-203), 1964, pp. 14-15.

Line 6 National Income and Expenditure Accounts (13-531), Table 28.

A continuous index (1961=100) of total activity value added can be roughly estimated from the percentage changes shown above. For comparison an index of gross domestic product at factor cost is given below:

For summary statistics of manufacturing on the second basis for 1957 to 1961, the reader is referred to the lower part of Table 7, p. 29 in the 1960 issue of General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, (Catalogue 31-201). For a complete description of the procedures followed in establishing the revised series, reference should be made to the explanatory notes included in the 1960, 1961 and 1962 publications for individual industries.

The 1970 revision to the Standard Industrial Classification was not accompanied by changes in the definition of an establishment. It did, however, result in some establishments being classified to different industries. An overlap of two years is provided (1970 and 1971) for series R133-489 so that the user can see the effect of classifying establishments according to the 1960 and 1970 S.I.C. The change in the S.I.C. had no effect on total manufacturing statistics.

The following explanations refer to the items in the tables containing series R1-489.

The 'number of establishments' represents the number of operating units that are principally engaged in the activities of the manufacturing industries to which they have been classified. These units do not necessarily represent the total number engaged in the production of a commodity mainly produced in a certain industry. Some commodities are produced as secondary products in other manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries. It should be noted that head offices and ancillary units which are surveyed separately are not included in the establishment count. The number of establishments classified to manufacturing in 1959 fell from 36,193 to 32,075 with the revised definition of the establishment and the new classification of establishments according to the 1960 Standard Industrial Classification. In 1975, a large number of establishments which had no employees the previous year were excluded from the census, occasioning a sizeable drop in establishment numbers. The omitted establishments, however, accounted for only 0.03 per cent of shipments in 1974. The 1975 data file still contained some establishments with no paid employees. (An establishment may have a work force consisting only of its owner or partners.)

'Production and related workers' in manufacturing activities include those engaged in production and assembling activities plus those employed in storing, inspecting, handling, packing, warehousing, etc. They also include employees engaged in maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchman services and line supervisors (working foremen) engaged in similar work to that of the employees they supervise. For those establishments reporting on the long form, the annual average of production and related workers engaged in manufacturing activity is requested. This procedure is followed even if the establishment did not operate in all months in order to arrive at equivalent annual full-time employment. The numbers are somewhat affected by turnover, in that employment is overstated when an employee changes employment during a pay period. Beginning in 1970, employment is imputed for establishments reporting on the short form. All such employment is classified as production and related workers.

"Wages" refer to gross earnings of employees before deductions for income tax and employees' contributions to social services, such as sickness, accident and unemployment insurance, and pensions. They include all wages, bonuses, profits shared with employees, the value of room and board where provided, commissions (paid to regular employees only), as well as any other allowance forming part of the worker's earnings. Payments for overtime are included.

"Fuel and electricity" figures refer to amounts actually used (including fuel used in cars, trucks, locomotives, etc.), not to purchases unless the quantities are substantially the same. Any fuel and electricity produced by establishments for internal consumption are not included in the total cost. Values represent laid down cost at the establishment including freight, duty, etc. Although fuel and electricity used is considered part of manufacturing activity, it should be noted that it also includes relatively small amounts used in non-manufacturing activities since these cannot be reported separately.

'Materials and supplies' figures represent laid down cost values, at the establishment, of materials, supplies and purchased components owned and used during the year in manufacturing activities and related processes. These statistics represent only commodity items or physical goods (cost of services or overhead charges such as advertising, insurance, and depreciation are not included) whether purchased from others or received as transfers (in the form of materials, components or semi-processed goods) from other establishments of the reporting company. Included are maintenance and repair supplies not chargeable to fixed asset accounts and any amounts charged by other establishments for work done on materials owned by the reporting establishment. Cost of repairs or maintenance done by outside contractors and cost of returnable containers are not included.

'Value of shipments of goods of own manufacture' excludes goods purchased for resale and represents shipments of goods made from own materials either in the reporting establishments or by other manufacturers on the basis of a charge to the reporting establishments for work done. Included are revenue from repair and custom work, amounts received in payment for work done on materials owned by other establishments, and the cost (book value) of any goods shipped for the first time on a rental basis. Shipments are valued in Canadian dollars at the point at which the establishment relinquishes control.

All products and by-products of own manufacture shipped from the establishment are covered, including transfer shipments to sales outlets, distributing warehouses, or to other manufacturing plants of the reporting firm, when such units are treated as separate statistical units. The value of shipments is net of returned goods, discounts, returns, allowances, sales tax and excise taxes and duties, returnable containers, and charges for outward transportation by common or contract carriers. Transportation or delivery expense incurred by the reporting establishment's own carriers are included. In those industries where work on principal products extends over a relatively long period (Fabricated Structural Metal Industry, Aircraft and Parts Manufacturers, Railroad Rolling Stock Industry, and Shipbuilding and Repair Industry), up to 1973, the value of production rather than the value of shipments is recorded. Since then, shipments are adjusted by adding the net change in progress payments on the books not written off to sales, resulting in a measure closely related to production.

'Gross value of production' of goods of own manufacture is obtained by adding the change in the value of inventories of finished goods and goods in process to the value of shipments of goods of own manufacture. (The change in inventories is not explicitly shown in the tables.) The value of inventories relating to manufacturing activities represents the book value of manufacturing inventory owned in Canada. Inventories held for which progress payments have been received are not included. Where progress payment accounts are maintained, the change in these accounts is treated as a net adjustment to shipments. The inventory figures consist of inventory owned at the plant and at warehouses or selling outlets which are treated as extensions of establishments for the purpose of reporting shipments. Inventory owned in transit in Canada or on consignment in Canada is included. Goods shipped abroad and held in inventory are included in shipments. Opening inventories may differ from the closing inventories of the previous year because of changes in classification, the receipt of revised data, the inclusion of new establishments and the removal of establishments which did not operate during the survey year.

The gross value of shipments and production data contain considerable duplication, since the products of one establishment frequently become the materials used by, and thus eventually part of the gross value of production of, other establishments. The aggregate gross value figures therefore reflect an exaggerated picture of manufacturing output, and these are not always a satisfactory measure of the importance of individual industries. For the purpose of measuring an industry's contribution to total output, a more meaningful and useful indicator of the output of manufacturing industries is census value added by manufacture.

'Census value added by manufacturing activity' is compiled by deducting the cost of manufacturing materials, supplies, and fuel and electricity consumed from the gross value of production of goods of own manufacture. Census value added is calculated before the deduction of purchased services and therefore includes the value of such purchased services as well as the amount available for the payment of salaries and wages, depreciation, interest, rent, taxes, repairs, and all other overhead charges that must ordinarily be met, as well as profits. It is therefore a more inclusive measure than gross domestic product at factor cost which is the measure used in the real domestic product series (see the description of series R490-513 below).

The statistics relating to 'total activity' include, in addition to figures for manufacturing activity, figures for all non-manufacturing activities conducted by manufacturing establishments. Hence 'employees' on a total activity basis include, in addition to production and related workers engaged in manufacturing activity, production and related workers employed by manufacturing establishments who are engaged in non-manufacturing activities (for example, logging employees who are reported by a sawmilling establishment), administrative and office workers, and sales and distribution workers employed by manufacturing establishments. Beginning in 1961, working owners or partners are not included as employees. 'Wages and salaries' refers to payments to all employees of manufacturing establishments.

'Census value added: total activity' is obtained by first obtaining a generalized value of shipments figure which represents revenue from all production, sales, services and related activities of reporting establishments. This includes the net selling value at the establishment (net of discounts, returns, allowances, sales taxes and excise duties and taxes, and transportation charges by common or contract carriers) of all products or materials (including products transferred from other establishments of the reporting firm) sold as such in the same condition as purchased or received as transfers. All sales of consignment goods from other countries are included.

Also included is the book value of fixed assets (new construction and machinery and equipment including major repairs, alterations, additions, modifications, installation and assembly work) produced during the year for the use of reporting establishments by the establishment's own employees and for which depreciation accounts are maintained. Included also are any revenues from the sale of electricity and from any operations performed by the establishment's own employees, such as revenue from goods produced for rental (the book value of such goods are included as part of shipments of goods of own manufacture in the first year in which they are sold), servicing revenues, commissions on sales (when not included in value of sales), revenue for company-operated cafeterias and lunch counters, revenue from outside installation or construction work not related to the establishment's own products, sale of used materials (excluding sale of used fixed assets), research and development work. As mentioned previously, the figures do not include non-operating revenue such as dividends and interest.

To arrive at the gross production of the establishment, the value of shipments is adjusted for inventory change. Inventory change figures represent, in addition to the inventories relevant to manufacturing activity, the book value of inventory of goods purchased for resale as such without further processing which are owned by the reporting establishments and held at plants and at any warehouses or selling outlets which are treated as extensions of establishments. They also include other non-manufacturing inventory such as commodities for use by the establishment's labour force in new construction or in the production of machinery and equipment for the use of the establishment.

After the inventory adjustment is made, the cost of materials, fuel and electricity, etc., relevant to manufacturing activity and all other relevant costs, including the cost of purchases for resale and other materials and supplies used, is subtracted. Included in these costs is the cost of materials and supplies used in new construction and in the production of machinery and equipment (for the use of the reporting establishment) by the establishment's own employees and materials used for any capital repairs and alterations carried out by the establishment's employees. Amounts paid to outside contractors for construction and repair work are not included nor is the cost of purchased machinery and equipment. Also included is the cost of office supplies not chargeable to fixed asset accounts and the cost of such other items of materials and supplies used as food, beverages and supplies for establishment-operated cafeterias and lunch counters, first aid and medical supplies, laboratory supplies, etc.

The net figure so obtained is census value added on a total activity basis. This total value added figure may, in some cases, be less than value added by manufacturing activity as a result of expenditures associated with non-manufacturing exceeding revenues from such activities or because of a decrease in the book value of inventory of goods not of own manufacture exceeding the markup on the sale of such goods.

Prior to 1961, figures are not available for census value added on a total activity basis since prior to the introduction of the 1960 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification this concept was not used. Only figures for the manufacturing activity of manufacturing establishments are available, except where noted below. For these statistics, however, the revision to the Standard Industrial Classification introduced a discontinuity because of the adoption of a new set of major groupings of manufacturing establishments. These revisions of the classification reflect the changing structure of industry resulting from technological change and other factors.

The change in classification in 1960 which most affected the comparability of major groups of manufacturing industries was in the primary metal, metal fabricating, and machinery industries. Another change was in the treatment of establishments engaged principally in repair work. Classes were established for repair shops in a number of different divisions. For example, in retail trade separate classes were provided for motor vehicle repair shops; radio, television and electrical appliance repair shops; and watch and jewellery shops. The reader is referred to Statistics Canada publication, Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1961 Base, (Catalogue 61-506), pp. 204-215 for a comparison of the 1948 and 1960 Standard Industrial Classifications. The changes in 1970 had effects in varying degrees on eight groups, with numbers 3 and 20 being particularly affected. A list of the changes introduced by the 1970 revision may be found in Statistics Canada publication, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Revised 1970, (Catalogue 12-501).

In the course of preparation of the tables on general statistics for manufacturing for the first edition of Historical Statistics of Canada, efforts were made to review and revise earlier figures to make all data from 1870 to 1959 as conceptually consistent and comparable as feasible. Especially significant adjustments have been made in previously published census data for 1870 to 1910 and in the annual data from 1917 to 1925 to bring the conceptual content of these earlier figures as closely as possible in line with that in the latest annual census of manufactures used. Statistics Canada personnel reclassified the data for all years before 1949 on the basis of the 1948 Standard Industrial Classification and all the data in series Rl-489 prior to 1961 (shown in the lower part of the tables) are based, therefore, on the 1948 classification. Consequently, much of the data for years preceding 1949 will not be found in published sources in the form presented herein.

In the reclassification of the data from the censuses before 1917 additional adjustments were also made. A number of categories of operations, included in the censuses, notably those connected with construction and some repair work, were omitted. In addition, the censuses of 1900 and 1910 did not cover very small manufacturing establishments and the data given in this section are based on estimates, prepared by Statistics Canada, of all manufacturing activity including small establishments. These estimates therefore provide data which are consistent with those for 1870, 1880, 1890 and 1905 and for 1917 to 1959 which are based on full coverage of establishments of all sizes.

Some rather small industries, such as motion picture making, production of flax fibre and the blueprinting industry, which had been dropped from the census of manufactures at various times between 1917 and 1948, have also been excluded for all years from the data given here.

The censuses of 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 were obtained by enumerators who called on the manufacturing concerns. The Postal Census of 1906 covering manufacturing in 1905 and the annual censuses of manufactures taken by Statistics Canada since 1917 have collected data by mailed questionnaire. Statistics Canada engages in a good deal of follow up after each census to clear up ambiguities in returns and to assure the material is on a consistent basis.

No data for the number of establishments are shown for 1900 and 1910, since the censuses of 1901 and 1911 enumerated only establishments employing "five hands and over". However, full coverage estimates have been made for persons engaged in manufacturing, salaries and wages, and value of production data and these provide the data given in series R1-489. The exceptionally large figures for the number of establishments in 1870, 1880 and 1890 appear to be attributable in part to the inclusion of blacksmith shops as iron foundries, to the inclusion of a large number of repair establishments which cannot be satisfactorily eliminated from manufacturing establishments, and to the generally diffuse pattern of early manufacturing activity prior to spreading development of factory units. The 1906 Postal Census of Manufactures is strongly suspected of under-enumeration.

The Postal Census of Manufactures in 1916, covering the year 1915, involved limitations in its coverage of manufacturing establishments and their operations, and the data could not be satisfactorily converted to a full coverage basis. No manufacturing data for 1915 have therefore been included in series R1-489.

Regarding the number of persons engaged in manufacturing some conceptual differences exist between the statistics from 1949 onward and those for earlier years. The main differences in treatment in the earlier figures have been as follows:

(1) Prior to 1949 no special effort was made to survey head offices if these were located in a separate locality and not attached to any operating establishment. In 1949 such offices began to be covered with a separate questionnaire.

(2) For years prior to 1935, the number of working proprietors of establishments owned by unincorporated firms and their withdrawals were included with salaried personnel; before 1930 they were included with wage-earners. The increase in supervisory and office employees between 1930 and 1931 was probably due to the change in classification of working proprietors rather than an increase in employment. Data on working proprietors and their withdrawals were imputed for years prior to 1935, when they began to be collected, but it is not certain whether such imputations were made for all years back to 1917. In 1961 working proprietors were excluded from employees entirely and shown as a separate category, together with their withdrawals. Because of the increasingly uncertain quality of withdrawals, however, these data ceased to be published after 1973.

(3) From 1937, establishments were instructed to include travelling salesmen with salaried employees. There is little knowledge as to their treatment by reporting firms prior to this time. In 1930 firms were asked to exclude salesmen in reporting salaried employees. No specific mention was made of the appropriate treatment during the other years, although the instructions were changed in 1931 in such a way that firms may have begun to include salesmen at that time.

(4) Prior to 1925 the number of wage-earners was computed as the sum of the number recorded each month divided by 12, whether the establishment was operating 12 months or not. For 1925 to 1930 inclusive, in seasonal industries the averages were computed by dividing the sum of the wage-earners reported on the 15th of each month by the number of months in operation. This change of method increased the apparent number of employees in groups containing seasonal industries and in the overall total. In 1931 the old method of computing the average number of wage-earners was readopted.

Until 1952, gross value of production represents the total reported selling value of products produced by all manufacturing establishments, whether sold, transferred to other plants, or in stock. Since 1952, the figures on gross value of production are basically derived from the gross value of manufacturing shipments, adjusted for the difference between year-beginning and year-end inventories of finished products and goods in process. However, the changeover to the latter system took two years to implement and it was not until 1954 that the data could be provided on the new basis, as shown in series R17 and 18. In the first edition of Historical Statistics of Canada an incorrect adjustment was made to gross value of production and value added from 1952 onward. This resulted in the figures being inconsistent with those published in the industry reports. This error has been corrected in the present volume.

The cost of fuel and electricity was not collected in the censuses before 1917.

In the general statistics for manufacturing, data for Newfoundland are included beginning in 1949.

As a concluding comment on the general statistics, it should be emphasized that it is difficult to evaluate the earlier data, especially the census data prior to 1917, in the light of subsequent changes in concepts, reporting schedules, and so forth. Despite a careful review and revision of the figures, some questions still remain about the comparability of data. If coverage of manufacturing establishments has improved over the years, the more recent data may reflect this, but this may not be a significant factor. More important is the fact that as better information has been developed on industrial detail and the nature of activities in establishments, there has been an extended ability to eliminate data pertaining to establishments engaged in repair, merchandising, and other non-manufacturing activities.

General Statistics (Series R1-489)

Source: for 1957 to 1975, Manufacturing Industries of Canada, National and Provincial Areas; General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada; for 1870, Census of Canada, 1870-71, Vol. III; for 1880, Census of Canada, 1880-81, Vol. III; for 1890, Census of Canada, 1890-91, Vol. III; for 1900, Census of Canada, 1901, Vol. III; for 1905, Postal Census of Manufactures, 1906; for 1910, Census of Canada, 1911, Vol. III; for 1917 to 1959, Annual Census of Manufactures as reported in various issues of the Canada Year Book; The Manufacturing Industries of Canada and General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada. Data before 1949 were reclassified by Statistics Canada.

See the general note to series Rl-489 for comments on these statistics.

R23-161. General statistics for all manufacturing industries, by province, 1957 to 1975

Source: same as series R1-22.

General statistics for all manufacturing industries, by region, 1926 to 1959

Source: annual census of manufactures, as reported in various issues of the Canada Year Book and General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada. Data before 1949 were revised by Statistics Canada.

Regional manufacturing data do exist for the many years from 1927 to 1947 for which no data are shown as well as for the early census years and for 1917 to 1925. But these data are not consistent with the figures for total manufacturing shown in series R12-22, and have therefore not been included here.

R162-489. General statistics for manufacturing industries, by major group

Selected principal statistics by industry

Food and Beverages

Tobacco Products

Rubber and Plastic

Leather

Textile

Knitting mills

Clothing

Wood

Furniture and Fixtures

Paper and Allied Industries

Printing, Publishing and Allied Industries

Primary Metals

Iron and Steel Products

Metal Fabricating Industries

Non-Ferrous Metals Products

Machinery

Transportation Equipment

Electrical Products

Non-Metallic Mineral Products

Petroleum and Coal Products

Chemical and Chemical Products

Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries

Source: same as series R1-22.

For 1957 to 1975, the 20 major groups are according to the 1960 and 1970 editions of the Standard Industrial Classification. See the general note on series Rl-489 for a discussion of the effects of the changes in classification.

For 1870 to 1959, the 18 major industry groups covered represent the 17 major groups according to the Standard Industrial Classification of 1948, with the clothing and knitting mills group of that classification shown as two groups instead of one for the period 1917 to 1959. Details on classification are described in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1948. Reporting establishments are classified or allotted to industries on the basis of the principal products produced or shipped.

Many types of adjustments have been involved in developing consistent figures for various industry groups. For example, previously published figures for the tobacco and tobacco products group included excise taxes in the gross value of production for the years 1917 to 1931; such taxes for these years have now been deducted from the gross value figures to provide for greater consistency. Another illustration is that in the non-ferrous metals groups, smelting was not classified as a manufacturing activity for the years 1920 to 1924 in previously published figures of this industry; the principal statistics for smelting have now been included for these years.

Indexes of Real Domestic Product for Manufacturing (Series R490-513)

These indexes of gross domestic product at factor cost originating in each industry provide a narrower measure of value added than that provided by the census value added measure. To obtain the gross domestic product measure, all purchased inputs from other industries (materials, fuel and electricity, services, etc.) except for payments for the services of labour and capital are subtracted from the value of output (valued before excise and sales taxes and duties). The residual value added figures therefore contain only wages and salaries and other payments to employees, interest and other payments for the use of capital, profits, and depreciation and other capital consumption allowances. The output and purchased inputs from other industries are estimated in constant (1971) dollars so that this value added is measured in constant (1971) dollars. It is therefore commonly known as real domestic product. It is converted to an index number by dividing by the 1971 figure. The indexes exist for all industries in the economy and are extensions of the Index of Industrial Production which existed only for goods-producing industries (excluding agriculture). The reader is referred to the general note for series F225-240 further discussion of the nature of these indexes.

Source: for 1971 to 1976, Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1971-1976, (1971 = 100), (Catalogue 61-213); for 1958 to 1970, Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1974 Supplement (1961 = 100), released with the March 1974 issue, (Catalogue 61-005); for 1961 to 1967, Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1961-1969, (1961 = 100), (Catalogue 61-510) except for certain industries, for which revised data are given in the annual supplement in the previous references; for 1919 to 1960, Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry (1961 Base), (Catalogue 61-506).

For the period prior to 1971, the data are not available on a 1971 base. To obtain a continuous record on a 1971 base, the indexes on a 1961 base were mechanically rebased to 1971 by multiplying by 100.0 and dividing by the 1971 index value on a 1961 base.

The conceptual basis of the real domestic product measure is the same as the index of industrial production. The concepts are described in Revised Index of Industrial Production, 1935-1957, (Catalogue 61-502) and in Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry of Origin, 1935-1961, (Catalogue 61-505). For technical notes concerning major changes in concepts, sources and methods in real domestic product (including the index of industrial production) resulting from the introduction of the 1960 Standard Industrial Classification and the adoption of the 1961 weight and reference base, see Catalogue 61-506. For technical notes concerning major changes in concepts, sources and methods in real domestic product (including the index of industrial production) resulting from the introduction of the 'Total activity' concept, the adoption of the final 1961 weighting system, the incorporation of up-to-date census-based annual production levels and the introduction of revised methodology, see Catalogue 61-510. For technical notes concerning changes in real domestic product resulting from the introduction of the 1970 S.I.C. and the adoption of the 1971 weights and reference base, see Catalogue 61-213.

Source: for 1971 to 1976, Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1971-1976, (1971=100), (Catalogue 61-213); for 1958 to 1970, Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1974 Supplement (1961 = 100), released with the March 1974 issue, (Catalogue 61-005); for 1961 to 1971, Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry, 1961-1969, (1961 = 100), (Catalogue 61-510) except for certain industries, for which revised data are given in the annual supplement in the previous references; for 1919 to 1960, Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry (1961 Base), (Catalogue 61-506).

The classification is for the 20 major groups in the 1960 and 1970 editions of the Standard Industrial Classification. The reader's attention is drawn to the footnotes to series R493 and R510 which explain two adjustments made to the series to achieve consistency in the series following the reclassification of industries. Readers will note that because of the introduction of the new S.I.C. and certain conceptual changes, the measures for some industries are no longer comparable between the 1949 and the 1961 weight-base periods and therefore are not shown in these tables prior to 1961. Those industries which were considered comparable are shown on a continuous basis as far back as data permit. The effects of the introduction of the 1960 S.I.C. on the classification of industries are shown in detail in appendix I to Indexes of Real Domestic Product by Industry, (1961 Base), (Catalogue 61-506).

Gross Fixed Capital Formation (Series R514-620)

Gross fixed capital formation in manufacturing comprises expenditures made by manufacturing establishments on new durable physical assets including structures, engineering works, land improvements, machinery and equipment created or acquired for the purpose of producing goods or services. These assets are considered to be durable when they are intended for use in their original form for more than one year. Included in the aggregates shown for total gross fixed capital formation and for total new machinery and equipment expenditures are expenditures on certain types of equipment which are considered as capital expenditures, but which are charged to current or operating account by respondent establishments. Such expenditures are shown separately in series R619-620. Only those assets erected in Canada or acquired for use within the country are included.

The value of new construction work includes both contract work and work done by the firm's own employees, and the expenditures shown for each year represent as far as possible the value of construction work put in place in that year irrespective of the time when payment is made.

New machinery and equipment investment includes the installed cost of machinery, motors, etc., and the delivered cost of office furniture and fixtures, motor vehicles, and other equipment. An item is classified to the machinery and equipment category if it is of such a nature that it can be moved from the structure in which it is housed without materially altering the structure. Expenditures on new machinery and equipment are included in the year in which such machinery and equipment is paid for by the end user; thus progress payments on heavy machinery are included in the year in which the payments are made. The estimates reflect gross expenditures including replacement costs before deduction for scrap or trade-in values. Machinery includes both that for use by the owner and that for rent to others.

For further details on concepts, definitions, sources and estimating techniques, see appendix B to Private and Public Investment in Canada, 1946-1957, and for a recent description of coverage, see Private and Public Investment in Canada, Outlook, 1978. For a description of the preparation of the data from 1926 to 1947, see Private and Public Investment in Canada, 1926-1951.

The estimates for 1926 to 1945 are based upon a sample of corporation returns to the Department of National Revenue. They appear to provide a reasonably accurate indication of gross fixed capital investment during these two decades. But the data from 1946 to date are of distinctly superior technical quality and are based on comprehensive reporting by all manufacturing industries.

Limitations in the sources of the industrial distribution figures for the years 1926 to 1945 made it necessary to combine some of the 17 major groups delineated in the Statistics Canada 1948 Standard Industrial Classification, and this practice was followed up to 1960 for the sake of consistency. Thus, tobacco and tobacco products, rubber products, and leather products are grouped; electrical apparatus and supplies are included in non-ferrous metal products, and products of petroleum and coal are shown in non-metallic mineral products.

Beginning in 1960, the 1960 Standard Industrial Classification is followed and 20 major groups are shown in the tables (figures for 1960 are presented on both bases). The reader is referred to the general notes in series Rl-489 for a discussion of the implications of the classification change. There is a slight discontinuity because of the 1970 S.I.C. revision.

Quantity and Value of Shipments of Selected Manufactured Commodities (Series R621-770)

General note

Statistics are published by Statistics Canada on the quantity and value of shipments of several thousand manufactured commodities. Only a relatively small number of more important types of products are included in the series shown here, based on data derived from the annual census of manufactures. While a major part of the detail on which these series are based may be found in the annual census of manufactures reports on individual industries (see, for example, Table 7, 'Shipments of Selected Goods – All Industries' in the 1975 reports) and in Products Shipped by Canadian Manufacturers, (Catalogue 31-211), unpublished data were also used. The material was prepared by the Manufacturing and Primary Industries Division of Statistics Canada.

The quantities and values of commodities shown in series R621-770 relate to goods made from own materials either in reporting plants or made by other manufacturers on the basis of a charge to reporting plants for work done. These figures cover total shipments of goods of own manufacture, whether made for export or domestic use, including production for governments and institutions. Transfer shipments to sales outlets, distributing warehouses or to other manufacturing units of the reporting firms are included. Goods bought or received as transfers and resold without further processing are not included. For a few commodities, data are shown for production rather than shipments, since a large proportion of the output of certain commodities is used for processing in the same or other establishments of the reporting company. In such cases, values are not shown since they would be almost completely arbitrary. Where production rather than shipments is shown in the tables, it is clearly indicated as, for example, 'aluminum produced'.

For the purpose of calculating value of shipments correctly, manufacturers should ideally report the value of shipments on a standard basis. In practice, however, such standardization is impossible without resorting to difficult and arbitrary methods of valuation. Respondents are asked to specify whether they are reporting shipments (and transfers) at cost, book transfer value, final selling price or some other basis, but no attempt is made to relate these to the values of individual commodities. Comparability of values is also affected by differences in channels of distribution and in branch accounting procedures. Some firms sell direct to wholesalers while others sell direct to retailers or industrial users, and in some cases even sell direct to householders or ultimate consumers. As an example of different branch accounting procedures, a firm may ship through a central warehouse or sales branch which is charged only with the cost of production, the selling outlet being credited with all the profits made. In other cases, profits are credited to the manufacturing operations.

A further factor influencing the comparability of commodity series is the time period on which firms are allowed to report. Ideally, this should be the calendar year. However, in order to minimize the burden on those respondents whose fiscal year differs from the calendar year, reports are accepted for the company'ss fiscal year. Effective with the 1970 census, reports are accepted for fiscal years ending as early as 1 April of the reference year and as late as 31 March of the calendar year following the reference year. Prior to 1970, reports were accepted for fiscal years ending as late as 30 June of the calendar year following the reference year. In 1975, slightly over 70 per cent of commodity shipments were reported by firms with fiscal years ending in December; the next highest proportion, 5.8 per cent, with fiscal years ending in March. The lowest proportion, 1.2 per cent, was reported for both January and February.

Prior to 1952, the values shown relate to the value of products made. For most industries the change in concept does not materially affect the comparability of the production statistics, since in most cases inventory changes from year to year are only of a minor nature. But it should be noted that the shipments figures after 1952 are not strictly comparable with the earlier data.

At various times from 1970 to 1974, the collection of commodity data from small establishments was discontinued, in order to relieve the reporting burden on respondents. Previously, the commodity information had been collected on all forms, whether for large or small establishments. This has affected the continuity of several series (for example, bread) where smaller establishments previously accounted for a significant proportion of commodity output.

R621-770. Quantity and value of shipments of selected manufactured commodities, 1917 to 1975

Source: published and unpublished data compiled by the Manufacturing and Primary Industries Division, Statistics Canada.

The commodities are listed in the tables in an order similar to that in the original volume so that related commodities appear adjacent to each other. Where possible both a quantity and a value figure are given and these (unlike in the original volume) are side by side. For convenience, an alphabetical list of the commodities included is given below with the series number. The series number refers to the first item (quantity or value) in the table.

Descriptions of the coverage and, in some cases, the basis of evaluation, of certain commodities are given below. Series numbers refer to the first series for the commodity.

Note: Wheat flour includes whole wheat and graham flour, as well as durum, semolina and other wheat flour.

Note: Refined sugar includes granulated, yellow or brown, pulverized icing and loaf sugar made from cane or beets.

Note: Confectionery includes all sugar and chocolate confectionery in bulk, bars or packages. Lozenges, toffee and chocolate or candy-coated nuts are also included, but not chewing gum.

Note: Frozen fruits and vegetables include frozen French-fried potatoes.

Note: Meats, fresh and frozen, include meats sold fresh or fresh-frozen. Excluded are fresh meats of animals slaughtered on a commission basis for firms or individuals not reporting under the slaughtering and meat processors industry (S.I.C. No. 1011).

Note: Poultry, fresh and frozen, includes shipments by all industries, beginning in 1960; prior to that, the shipments were only those from establishments classified to the slaughtering and meat packing industry.

Note: Carbonated beverages include beverages bottled, canned or sold in bulk but do not include natural or artificial mineral waters.

Note: Beverage spirits sold represent net sales outside the industry and do not include intercompany transfers. The values do not include excise taxes, sales taxes and duties.

Note: Rubber tires include pneumatic and solid tires for passenger cars, trucks, aircraft, tractors, implements, motorcycles and bicycles.

Note: The series for boots and shoes with leather or fabric uppers does not include felt footwear, slippers, moccasins or rubber footwear produced by the rubber products industries (S.I.C. No. 162).

Note: Yarns produced include all yarns produced for own use, for sale, or on a commission or custom basis. It includes yarns made of cotton, wool and synthetic fibres and their mixtures.

Note: Commencing with 1969, the series cotton broad-woven fabrics represents shipments of pure (95 per cent or more) cotton broad-woven fabrics including bleached and unbleached. Prior to 1969, it included unbleached or grey fabric only.

Note: Commencing with 1960, the series broad-woven wool fabrics includes pure wool and wool blends (worsted, woollen and mixtures). Prior to 1960 this series included pure wool fabrics only (worsted and woollen systems).

Note: Commencing with 1972, the series women's and misses' dresses does not include housedresses.

Note: Household furniture includes all wooden, metal and upholstered household furniture, furniture frames, seats and backs, excluding those for vehicles.

Note: Office furniture includes all wooden and metal office furniture and partitions.

Note: Miscellaneous furniture includes church, school, theatre, laboratory, hospital, hotel, motel and restaurant furniture but excludes fixtures, mattresses, springs and other related products.

Note: Electric lamps and shades include electric lamps and lamp shades shipped by all industries, and parts shipped by those establishments classified to electric lamp and shade manufacturers (S.I.C. No. 268) except for the 1961-1964 period when parts shipped by other industries were also included. Prior to 1961, electric lamps and shades were classified in miscellaneous industries and are not available as a separate commodity item.

Note: This is a total furniture series for the period prior to 1960. The disaggregation into series R670-673 is not available for the earlier years.

Note: Wood pulp includes both mechanical and chemical pulp, mechanical and chemical screenings, and defibrated and exploded wood, semi-chemical pulp, as well as other grades of pulp not specified as mechanical or chemical.

Note: Paper bags include self-opening square bags (grocery, check-stand and/or cash and carry, etc.), flat, wedge, satchel-bottom, multi-wall shipping, and shopping bags (with handles), as well as special bags of glassine, waxed or greased paper, etc.

Note: Plastic bags include cellulose film bags; polyethylene heavy duty shipping sacks, garbage bags, bakery bags, dry-cleaning and laundry bags (including shirt bags); other plastic film bags; plastic laminated and extrusion coated bags, and metal foil bags.

Note: This is a total paper box series for the period prior to 1960. The disaggregation into series R686-687 is not available for this period.

Note: Paperboards include container board, box board, building board and wet machine board.

Note: Pig iron produced includes basic, foundry and malleable pig iron made for sale and own use. Silvery pig iron has been included since 1950. Production values are not available.

Note: Steel ingots and castings produced include both carbon and alloy steels.

Note: Structural steel shapes made in primary mills include light structurals since 1951, (previously included with 'hot rolled iron and steel bars'), and sheet piling since 1949.

Note: Steel pipes and tubing include welded and seamless steel pipes and tubing, but exclude riveted pipes and sheet metal culverts.

Note: Plain steel wire includes the quantity made and used in subsequent processes in the same plant as in the manufacture of nails, galvanized wire, etc.

Note: Metal cans include metal cans made for foods as well as non-food products.

Note: Passenger automobiles include all types of cars, such as permanent closed cars, convertible cars and station wagons but do not include chassis sold without bodies. Selling values represent the wholesale value or the amount of money received by manufacturers from their dealers or distributors; taxes, dealers' commissions, etc., are not included.

Note: Commercial auto vehicles include all wheeled vehicles for military use. Not included are universal carriers and scout cars or chassis sold without bodies. Selling values represent the wholesale value of the amount of money received by manufacturers from dealers, distributors and government. Taxes, dealers' commissions, etc., are not included.

Note: Boats include canoes, rowboats, skiffs, dories, sailboats and outboard boats.

Note: Locomotives do not include railway electric cars.

Note: Stoves and ranges include stoves and ranges for cooking and heating. Stoves and ranges for wood, coal, gas, electricity, gasoline and fuel oil, as well as for some combination of fuels, are included.

Note: Household refrigerators include electric, gas, and all other types.

Note: Washing machines include only domestic washing machines powered by electricity or other power. Hand, automatic and conventional washing machines are included.

Note: Gasoline includes motor, aviation and tractor gasoline made for sale and own use.

Note: Fuel oil includes heavy and light fuel oil made for sale and own use. It does not include aviation or aviation turbine fuel oil.

Note: Coke includes beehive, byproduct and gas retort coke. Petroleum coke is not included.

Note: Soaps and synthetic detergents include laundry and household soaps, toilet soaps, soap powders, shaving and liquid soaps.

Note: Due to the introduction in 1973 of a new classification system for collecting data on paints and enamels, the former qualification 'ready-mixed' is no longer applicable. This series now includes oil-base paints (interior, exterior and combination); emulsion (water-borne) base paints (interior, exterior and combination); enamels (interior, exterior and special-purpose); and lacquers, stains and varnishes. It does not include such items as paint and enamel aerosol spray bombs; primers, sealers and undercoats; and shellac.

Note: Selected synthetic resins include polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene only for 1960 and 1961. Data for 1962 and subsequent years also include polyethylene.

Note: Sulphuric acid includes acid made for sale and own use.

Note: Medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations include patent medicines, antibiotics, vitamins, ethical specialities for human use as well as all other medicines for human and animal use.

Source: published and unpublished data compiled by the Manufacturing and Primary Industries Division, Statistics Canada.

The commodities are listed in the tables in an order similar to that in the original volume so that related commodities appear adjacent to each other. Where possible both a quantity and a value figure are given and these (unlike in the original volume) are side by side. For convenience, an alphabetical list of the commodities included is given below with the series number. The series number refers to the first item (quantity or value) in the table.

Descriptions of the coverage and, in some cases, the basis of evaluation, of certain commodities are given below. Series numbers refer to the first series for the commodity.

Size of Manufacturing Establishments (Series R771-825)

Source: Manufacturing Industries of Canada: Type of Organization and Size of Establishment, (Catalogue 31-210).

Series R771-782 are comparable throughout the period 1960 to 1975, but are not entirely comparable with series R783-794 for the period prior to 1960 due to the change in coverage of manufacturing industries through the introduction of the 1960 Standard Industrial Classification and the new establishment concept. The size classes have also been changed to reflect the influence of increasing size of plants and rising price levels. In the lower range, the former three size classes have been replaced by two new ones: under $100,000 and $100,000-$499,999. In the upper range the size class $1,000,000 and over has been replaced by two new classes: $1,000,000-$4,999,999 and $5,000,000 and over.

Source:General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada (various issues); The Manufacturing Industries of Canada, the issues of 1945, 1941, 1936 and 1930 respectively, for the data for 1945, 1940, 1936 and 1930; Canada Year Book, the 1927 issue for 1925 data, 1925 issue for 1922 data, and 1906 issue for 1905 Postal Census data; Postal Census of Manufactures, 1916, for 1915 and 1910 data; Census of Canada, 1901, vol. III, for 1900 data.

The figures shown from 1900 to 1945 are not comparable with those in subsequent years because of differences in coverage and changes in the definition of 'manufacturing'. It should be noted that the data on the number of establishments and gross value of production from 1900 through 1945 in series R783 and R794 do not correspond with the figures shown earlier in series R12 and R17. As noted above, extensive revisions have been undertaken to develop more conceptually consistent and comparable figures for manufacturing in series R1-489. However, essential basic information is not available for similar revisions in the series relating to the size of manufacturing establishments.

The information collected for 1900 and 1910 pertains only to manufacturing establishments having five or more employees, whereas the postal censuses covered all of Canada's manufacturing establishments. In addition, electric light plants, gas plants, plumbing and tinsmithing, blacksmithing, dyeing and cleaning, bicycle repairing, and lock and gunsmithing, were included in the census of manufactures in 1900, 1905, 1910 and 1915; painting and glazing are covered in all these years except 1910; and housebuilding is in the 1910 and 1915 totals. The figures shown for 1922 to 1945 include some establishments in the public utilities and service categories that cannot be eliminated in these data on size of establishments.

Source: for 1960 to 1975, same as series R771-782; for 1915 to 1959, same as series R783-794.

These series are directly comparable throughout the period 1960 to 1975 with the exception that working owners and partners are included with employees in 1960 as in earlier years.

Comparability with series R812-825 is affected by the same qualifications as for series R783-794 with respect to coverage and industrial classification. Size classes in the original and updated series are identical with one exception: the size class 500 and over has been subdivided into two classes (500 to 999, and 1,000 and over) to reflect the increasing size of plants.

Data on the number of establishments and number of employees from 1915 to 1945 in series R812 and R813 do not correspond with the figures shown earlier in series R12 and R17. See the note to series R783-794.

There is also a small difference in the classification of manufacturing establishments by number of employees. The grouping given for the years prior to 1940 varies slightly from that available for subsequent years. In addition to the class for under 5 employees, the actual classes shown for these earlier years were 5 to 50 employees, 51 to 100 employees, 101 to 200 employees, 201 to 500 employees, and over 500 employees, instead of 5 to 49 employees, 50 to 99 employees, 100 to 199 employees, 200 to 499 employees, and 500 employees and over.

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